psychology unit 6

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors

Question 2

associative learning

Answer 2

learning that certain evens occur together

Question 3

who was ivan pavlov?

Answer 3

he discovered classical conditioning
–dog experiment

Question 4

behaviorism

Answer 4

objective science that studies behaviors

Question 5

who practiced behaviorism?

Answer 5

John Watson

Question 6

what did John Watson do?

Answer 6

little albert experiment

Question 7

unconditioned response

Answer 7

unlearned, naturally, automatic response
(dog salivating)

Question 8

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

stimulus that naturally, automatically triggers a response
(meat powder)

Question 9

conditioned response

Answer 9

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
(to salivate)

Question 10

conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

irrelevant stimulus, after association with an US, triggers a continued response
(tuning fork)

Question 11

what’s condition mean?

Answer 11

learned
-get up after school bell rings

Question 12

what’s unconditioned mean?

Answer 12

unlearned
-breathing

Question 13

higher order conditioning
(second order conditioning)

Answer 13

having a 2nd stimulus
-2nd stimulus is usually a weaker response

Question 14

extinction

Answer 14

the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
(salvation will decrease quickly without meat powder)

Question 15

spontaneous recovery

Answer 15

reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished control response

Question 16

generalization

Answer 16

once a response has been conditioned, stimuli similar to the control stimulus causes a similar response.
(instead of meat powder, its chicken powder)

Question 17

discrimination

Answer 17

ability to distinguish between a controlled stimulus and other stimuli that don’t have a unconditioned stimulus

Question 18

operant conditioning

Answer 18

your behavior is influenced by consequences

Question 19

what did Edward Thorndike do?

Answer 19

Law of Effect

Question 20

what is the law of effect?

Answer 20

rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur, behavior is likely to reoccur, behaviors that are punished become less likely.

Question 21

who made the skinner box?

Answer 21

B.F. Skinner

Question 22

what does the skinner box do?

Answer 22

contains a bar or key that the animal pushes to get a reward

Question 23

what did B.F. Skinner do?

Answer 23

experimented on pigeons for operant conditioning

Question 24

reinforcement

Answer 24

any event that strengthens a preceding a response.
-wanting that behavior to happen again

Question 25

shaping

Answer 25

reinforces an animals actions toward a desired behavior

Question 26

successive approximations

Answer 26

reward response that are closer to the final desired behavior

Question 27

positive reinforcement

Answer 27

strengthens a response by presenting something pleasurable after the response -ADDS a desired stimulus

Question 28

negative reinforcement

Answer 28

strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative -REMOVES a punishing event

Question 29

primary reinforcers

Answer 29

satisfies a biological need- food, shelter -unlearned

Question 30

secondary reinforcers

Answer 30

learned association- good grades, college, more $ -can be associated with primary reinforcers

Question 31

immediate reinforcers

Answer 31

reinforcers immediately delivered the desired behavior

Question 32

delayed reinforcers (patience)

Answer 32

reinforcer not delivered until a long time after the desired behavior

Question 33

continuous reinforcement

Answer 33

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs -learning occurs quickly

Question 34

partial reinforcement

Answer 34

reinforcing a response only part of the time

Question 35

what are the 4 schedules of partial reinforcement

Answer 35

1. fixed-ratio schedules 2. variable-ratio schedules 3. fixed-interval schedules 4. variable-interval schedules

Question 36

fixed-ratio schedules

Answer 36

reinforces a response only after a specific number or responses - VIP drinks, buy 10 get 11th free

Question 37

variable-ratio schedules

Answer 37

provides reinforcers after an unpredictable number of times -fishing, the next one COULD be it

Question 38

fixed-interval schedules

Answer 38

reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed -cookies take 11 min to bake, at 10 minutes you check frequently

Question 39

variable-interval schedules

Answer 39

response is reinforced only after an unpredictable time period -pop quiz

Question 40

interval

Answer 40

involves time

Question 41

ratio

Answer 41

need a certain number of behaviors

Question 42

fixed

Answer 42

remains the same

Question 43

variable

Answer 43

can change up

Question 44

positive punishment

Answer 44

administered an averse stimulus -spanking, parking ticket

Question 45

negative punishment

Answer 45

withdraw a desirable stimulus -time out/ take away drivers lessons

Question 46

respondent behaviors

Answer 46

behavior that occurs automatically

Question 47

cognitive map

Answer 47

mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Question 48

latent learning

Answer 48

learning that becomes apparent only when there is an incentive

Question 49

insight

Answer 49

sudden realization of the solution to the problem

Question 50

intrinsic motivation

Answer 50

desire to perform a behavior effectively for its OWN sake -you enjoy it so you do it

Question 51

extrinsic motivation

Answer 51

desire to perform a behavior to receive a reward or avoid a punishment -you do it because you want a reward or need to do it

Question 52

learned helplessness

Answer 52

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events -you get abused, you get used to it, you don't run away when you are able to

Question 53

observational learning

Answer 53

learning by observing others

Question 54

culture fads

Answer 54

come from observational learning -birks, hair clips, butt scrunch leggings

Question 55

what experiment went along with observational learning?

Answer 55

bobo doll experiment -adults hit doll, kids go in to hit doll

Question 56

mirrored neurons

Answer 56

located in the frontal lobe & make emotions contagious -area becomes active (lights up) when they do the action and when they watch the action

Question 57

prosocial models

Answer 57

positive, constructive behavior opposite of antisocial behaviors -have 2 contributors

Question 58

contributors to prosocial models

Answer 58

-desensitization -imitation