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study sets (snr) > psychology unit 6 > Flashcards

psychology unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain evens occur together

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3
Q

who was ivan pavlov?

A

he discovered classical conditioning
–dog experiment

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4
Q

behaviorism

A

objective science that studies behaviors

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5
Q

who practiced behaviorism?

A

John Watson

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6
Q

what did John Watson do?

A

little albert experiment

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7
Q

unconditioned response

A

unlearned, naturally, automatic response
(dog salivating)

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8
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that naturally, automatically triggers a response
(meat powder)

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9
Q

conditioned response

A

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
(to salivate)

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10
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

irrelevant stimulus, after association with an US, triggers a continued response
(tuning fork)

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11
Q

what’s condition mean?

A

learned
-get up after school bell rings

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12
Q

what’s unconditioned mean?

A

unlearned
-breathing

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13
Q

higher order conditioning
(second order conditioning)

A

having a 2nd stimulus
-2nd stimulus is usually a weaker response

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14
Q

extinction

A

the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
(salvation will decrease quickly without meat powder)

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15
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished control response

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16
Q

generalization

A

once a response has been conditioned, stimuli similar to the control stimulus causes a similar response.
(instead of meat powder, its chicken powder)

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17
Q

discrimination

A

ability to distinguish between a controlled stimulus and other stimuli that don’t have a unconditioned stimulus

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18
Q

operant conditioning

A

your behavior is influenced by consequences

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19
Q

what did Edward Thorndike do?

A

Law of Effect

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20
Q

what is the law of effect?

A

rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur, behavior is likely to reoccur, behaviors that are punished become less likely.

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21
Q

who made the skinner box?

A

B.F. Skinner

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22
Q

what does the skinner box do?

A

contains a bar or key that the animal pushes to get a reward

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23
Q

what did B.F. Skinner do?

A

experimented on pigeons for operant conditioning

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24
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens a preceding a response.
-wanting that behavior to happen again

25
Q

shaping

A

reinforces an animals actions toward a desired behavior

26
Q

successive approximations

A

reward response that are closer to the final desired behavior

27
Q

positive reinforcement

A

strengthens a response by presenting something pleasurable after the response
-ADDS a desired stimulus

28
Q

negative reinforcement

A

strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative
-REMOVES a punishing event

29
Q

primary reinforcers

A

satisfies a biological need- food, shelter
-unlearned

30
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

learned association- good grades, college, more $
-can be associated with primary reinforcers

31
Q

immediate reinforcers

A

reinforcers immediately delivered the desired behavior

32
Q

delayed reinforcers (patience)

A

reinforcer not delivered until a long time after the desired behavior

33
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
-learning occurs quickly

34
Q

partial reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time

35
Q

what are the 4 schedules of partial reinforcement

A
  1. fixed-ratio schedules
  2. variable-ratio schedules
  3. fixed-interval schedules
  4. variable-interval schedules
36
Q

fixed-ratio schedules

A

reinforces a response only after a specific number or responses
- VIP drinks, buy 10 get 11th free

37
Q

variable-ratio schedules

A

provides reinforcers after an unpredictable number of times
-fishing, the next one COULD be it

38
Q

fixed-interval schedules

A

reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed
-cookies take 11 min to bake, at 10 minutes you check frequently

39
Q

variable-interval schedules

A

response is reinforced only after an unpredictable time period
-pop quiz

40
Q

interval

A

involves time

41
Q

ratio

A

need a certain number of behaviors

42
Q

fixed

A

remains the same

43
Q

variable

A

can change up

44
Q

positive punishment

A

administered an averse stimulus
-spanking, parking ticket

45
Q

negative punishment

A

withdraw a desirable stimulus
-time out/ take away drivers lessons

46
Q

respondent behaviors

A

behavior that occurs automatically

47
Q

cognitive map

A

mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

48
Q

latent learning

A

learning that becomes apparent only when there is an incentive

49
Q

insight

A

sudden realization of the solution to the problem

50
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

desire to perform a behavior effectively for its OWN sake
-you enjoy it so you do it

51
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

desire to perform a behavior to receive a reward or avoid a punishment
-you do it because you want a reward or need to do it

52
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
-you get abused, you get used to it, you don’t run away when you are able to

53
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

54
Q

culture fads

A

come from observational learning
-birks, hair clips, butt scrunch leggings

55
Q

what experiment went along with observational learning?

A

bobo doll experiment
-adults hit doll, kids go in to hit doll

56
Q

mirrored neurons

A

located in the frontal lobe & make emotions contagious
-area becomes active (lights up) when they do the action and when they watch the action

57
Q

prosocial models

A

positive, constructive behavior
opposite of antisocial behaviors
-have 2 contributors

58
Q

contributors to prosocial models

A

-desensitization
-imitation

study sets (snr) (8 decks)

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