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study sets (snr) > psychology unit 2 > Flashcards

psychology unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

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2
Q

overconfidence

A

thinking we know more than what we do

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3
Q

empirical approach

A

basing decisions or conclusions on observable evidence

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4
Q

2 questions that exemplify the scientific attitude?

A

-what do you mean?
-how do you know?

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5
Q

critical thinking

A

examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

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6
Q

theory

A

an examination that organizes observations and predicts future behaviors

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7
Q

hypothesis (FRQ)

A

testable prediction that gives direction to research

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8
Q

operational definitions (FRQ)

A

worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

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9
Q

operational definitions need to be…

A

measurable & manageable

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10
Q

replicate

A

repeating an earlier research study

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11
Q

case studies (FRQ)

A

examines one individual or group in depth

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12
Q

negatives to case studies

A
  1. misleading
  2. false generalizations
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13
Q

who used case studies to study children’s thinking

A

Jean Piaget

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14
Q

Survey (FRQ)

A

many cases, less depth, big populations

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15
Q

wording effects

A

order of words can effect the outcome of a survey

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16
Q

random sampling

A

choosing random participants from a large population

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17
Q

population

A

the group we want to study and describe

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18
Q

Naturalistic observation (FRQ)

A

records behaviors in natural environments

19
Q

correlation coefficients

A

reveals the extent to which 2 things relate

20
Q

scatterplots

A

cluster of dots, each dot represents the value of 2 variables

21
Q

positive correlation

A

2 variables tend to rise or fall together

22
Q

negative correlation

A

as 1 increases, the other decreases

23
Q

correlation does not prove

A

CAUSATION

24
Q

illusory correlations

A

a perceived but non-existant correlation

25
Q

progression toward the mean

A

someone does very well on a test, next test the go back to average not so well

26
Q

experiment

A

method where an investigator manipulates and controls factors that produce a particular behavior
-only type of study that can determine cause & effect

27
Q

random assignment (FRQ)

A

assigning participants to experiments by chance

28
Q

double-blind procedure

A

participants and research staff do not know who got the treatment

29
Q

placebo effect

A

results from expectations alone

30
Q

experimental group

A

receives treatment

31
Q

control group

A

does not receive treatment

32
Q

independent variable (FRQ)

A

the variable whose effect is being studied

33
Q

cofounding variable

A

something altering the experiment

34
Q

dependent variable (FRQ)

A

what we want to happen

35
Q

mode

A

most frequent occurring number

36
Q

mean

A

the average (add up all numbers, divide by how many numbers there are)

37
Q

median

A

midpoint

38
Q

range

A

difference between highest and lowest (subtracted)

39
Q

when is an observed difference reliable?

A

more cases are better than fewer

40
Q

want to get a significant level of what %?

A

5 due to chance

41
Q

some principles found in the lab are used in the…

A

outside world

42
Q

requirements for animal research?

A

minimize infection, illness, and pain in animals

43
Q

what 4 things do you need for a experiment on people?

A

1.consent
2. protected from harm or discomfort
3. info must be confidential
4. fully debrief people (explain afterward)

44
Q

psychologists personal values and goals can…

A

bias observations and interpretations

study sets (snr) (8 decks)

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