psychology unit 2

Question 1

hindsight bias

Answer 1

tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Question 2

overconfidence

Answer 2

thinking we know more than what we do

Question 3

empirical approach

Answer 3

basing decisions or conclusions on observable evidence

Question 4

2 questions that exemplify the scientific attitude?

Answer 4

-what do you mean?
-how do you know?

Question 5

critical thinking

Answer 5

examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Question 6

theory

Answer 6

an examination that organizes observations and predicts future behaviors

Question 7

hypothesis (FRQ)

Answer 7

testable prediction that gives direction to research

Question 8

operational definitions (FRQ)

Answer 8

worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

Question 9

operational definitions need to be…

Answer 9

measurable & manageable

Question 10

replicate

Answer 10

repeating an earlier research study

Question 11

case studies (FRQ)

Answer 11

examines one individual or group in depth

Question 12

negatives to case studies

Answer 12

1. misleading
2. false generalizations

Question 13

who used case studies to study children’s thinking

Answer 13

Jean Piaget

Question 14

Survey (FRQ)

Answer 14

many cases, less depth, big populations

Question 15

wording effects

Answer 15

order of words can effect the outcome of a survey

Question 16

random sampling

Answer 16

choosing random participants from a large population

Question 17

population

Answer 17

the group we want to study and describe

Question 18

Naturalistic observation (FRQ)

Answer 18

records behaviors in natural environments

Question 19

correlation coefficients

Answer 19

reveals the extent to which 2 things relate

Question 20

scatterplots

Answer 20

cluster of dots, each dot represents the value of 2 variables

Question 21

positive correlation

Answer 21

2 variables tend to rise or fall together

Question 22

negative correlation

Answer 22

as 1 increases, the other decreases

Question 23

correlation does not prove

Answer 23

CAUSATION

Question 24

illusory correlations

Answer 24

a perceived but non-existant correlation

Question 25

progression toward the mean

Answer 25

someone does very well on a test, next test the go back to average not so well

Question 26

experiment

Answer 26

method where an investigator manipulates and controls factors that produce a particular behavior -only type of study that can determine cause & effect

Question 27

random assignment (FRQ)

Answer 27

assigning participants to experiments by chance

Question 28

double-blind procedure

Answer 28

participants and research staff do not know who got the treatment

Question 29

placebo effect

Answer 29

results from expectations alone

Question 30

experimental group

Answer 30

receives treatment

Question 31

control group

Answer 31

does not receive treatment

Question 32

independent variable (FRQ)

Answer 32

the variable whose effect is being studied

Question 33

cofounding variable

Answer 33

something altering the experiment

Question 34

dependent variable (FRQ)

Answer 34

what we want to happen

Question 35

mode

Answer 35

most frequent occurring number

Question 36

mean

Answer 36

the average (add up all numbers, divide by how many numbers there are)

Question 37

median

Answer 37

midpoint

Question 38

range

Answer 38

difference between highest and lowest (subtracted)

Question 39

when is an observed difference reliable?

Answer 39

more cases are better than fewer

Question 40

want to get a significant level of what %?

Answer 40

5 due to chance

Question 41

some principles found in the lab are used in the...

Answer 41

outside world

Question 42

requirements for animal research?

Answer 42

minimize infection, illness, and pain in animals

Question 43

what 4 things do you need for a experiment on people?

Answer 43

1.consent 2. protected from harm or discomfort 3. info must be confidential 4. fully debrief people (explain afterward)

Question 44

psychologists personal values and goals can...

Answer 44

bias observations and interpretations