psychology- U4 AOS1

Question 1

Sleep

Answer 1

described as a psychological construct
-described as a regular and naturally occuring ASC as defined as patial or total suspension of consious awareness

Question 2

ASC: Altered state of consiousness

Answer 2

any state of consiousness which differs significantly from normal state/waking consiousness
-in terms of levels of awareness, consiousness, thoughts, feelings, and memories
-can differ in sensations, thoughts, feelings, memories, perceptions

^can be naturally occuring or induced
Ex. from alcohol, injury

Question 3

Normal waking consiousness

Answer 3

state of consiousness associated with being awake and aware of objects and external world
Ex. sensations, mental processess, ones own existance
=maintain sense of time and place

Question 4

States of consiousness

Answer 4

different levels of being aware and associated with different levels of physiological and psychologial characteristics

Question 5

Construct

Answer 5

ways to describe patterns in events or behaviours to be explored investigated or discussed
-things that dont occur/exist in a physical sense

Question 6

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 6

method of measuring brain activity through brain waves
Device: electroencephalograph
Records: electroencephalogram
-records can be classified through its frequency and amplitude

Question 7

Beta

Answer 7

associated with being alert and intense mental activity
(highest frequency and lowest amplitude) during normal waking consciousness

EEG

Question 8

Alpha

Answer 8

associated with being mentally and physically relaxed or intensely focused or mentally activity
Ex. closing eyes and refelcting, lying down

Question 9

Theta

Answer 9

experienced when feeling drowsy when falling asleep and whilst waking up: early sleep

Question 10

delta

Answer 10

deep dreamless sleep, unconsciousness
-lowest frequency and lowest amplitude

Question 11

Electromyograhy

Answer 11

method of studying and indicating electrical activity of muscles during sleep (muscle movement and tension)

Question 12

Electro-oculargraphy (EOG)

Answer 12

method measuring eye movements or eye positions for the muscles which control eyes

Question 13

Induced ASC

Answer 13

when ASC occurs through mental changes differing significantly from a NSC from injury (trauma or accident) or medications and drugs or foods
Ex. administration of a depressent or sedated

Question 14

Naturally occuring ASC

Answer 14

ASC occurs through regular and natural patterns
Ex. Sleep-wake cycle, daydreaming

Question 15

Sleep diary

Answer 15

form of self report which can measure the time wake up, get out of bed, fall asleep, well rested and other personal behaviours and aspects before or after sleep (mood, activities before bed, caffeine consumption)
-subjective

Question 16

video monitoring

Answer 16

Benefits: allows retrospective observations of external observable behaviours of sleep

Question 17

Consiousness

Answer 17

awareness of something internal (Ex. internal processes and sensations) or external (environment) to us: measured on a continuum

Question 17

Consiousness

Answer 17

awareness of something internal (Ex. internal processes and sensations) or external (environment) to us: measured on a continuum

Question 17

Consiousness

Answer 17

awareness of something internal (Ex. internal processes and sensations) or external (environment) to us: measured on a continuum

Question 18

Biological rhythms

Answer 18

Changes that repeat themselves through time in a cyclical way
Ex. b.p, sleep-wake cycle, menstration

Question 19

Circardian rhythms

Answer 19

physiological, psychological, or behavioural changes that occur as aprt of a cycle with approx. a 24 hour duration
-can be endogenous or exogenous (terms of origin)

Question 20

ultradian rhythms

Answer 20

physiological, psychological, or behavioural change which occurs repeatedly over a duration less than 24 hours
Ex. heartbeat, sleep-wake cycle

Question 21

Biological clock

Answer 21

innate mechanism which is able to regulate biological rhythms
Ex. Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 22

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 22

a biological clock which is able to regulate the sleep-wake cycle
location: above the optic chiasm where nerves that connect the eye and brain cross
-able to adjust sleep wake cycle in corresspondance to incoming light where it will also signal the release of melatonin

Question 23

Sleep-wake cycle

Answer 23

an ***ciradian*** ***biological rhythm*** which consists of ***ultradian cycles*** of *REM* and *NREM* (1-3) single ultradian cycle lasting ~90minutes and repeated around 4-5 times throughout the night in a healthy adult

Question 24

Melatonin

Answer 24

the sleep **hormone** released in **correspondance to the light detetcted** by the *suprachiasmatic nucleus*. from the pineal gland to the bloodstream to **facilitate** the **transition** to sleep and **promote quality rest **

Question 25

NREM (non-rapid eye movement)

Answer 25

defined as **relatively inactive brain** with a **body that can move** -consists of 3 different sub-stages (N1-N3) each successive stage transitions into a **deeper sleep** with **gradual reduction** in **physiological** activity and awareness of yourself and surroundings

Question 26

REM (rapid eye movement)

Answer 26

stage of sleep defined by a relatively active brain in a paralyzed body -rapid eye movement under eyelids during sleep -stage where most dreams occur duration: around 10 minutes but increases with each cycle

Question 27

NREM 1

Answer 27

entry point of sleep episode (age 2 over) relatively **light sleep** with **lower level of body arousal** and can be easily awakened sometimes experience *hypnic jerks* duration: ~**5 minutes** with *alpha/theta* waves

Question 28

hypnic jerks

Answer 28

involuntary muscle twitch ## Footnote NREM1

Question 29

NREM 2

Answer 29

**moderate** sleep as it **gradually becomes deeper** than NREM1 -continued **slowing and decrease physiological activity** can observe *sleep spindles* through transition to NREM2 spends **most time** in this stage amougst stages of sleep Duration: ~12-25 minutes brainwaves: theta

Question 30

Sleep spindles

Answer 30

brief **bursts** of electrical activity

Question 31

NREM 3

Answer 31

**deepest** stage of sleep amougst stages of sleep physiological activity at its **lowest** where muscles completely relaxed and **no eye movement** has **highest arousal thereshold**= difficult to wakeup Duration: ~20-40 minutes brain waves: *delta* brain waves ^time in this stage decrease as night progresses

Question 32

sleep inertia

Answer 32

temporary **poor memory** of sleep events accompanied by a **groggy feeling** and **reduction** in **alertness/performance** right after awakening- usually from deep sleep

Question 33

sleep onset

Answer 33

**transition** from wakefulness into sleep: enetering *NREM 1*

Question 34

Sleep onset latnecy

Answer 34

**pre-sleep** period before *NREM1*

Question 35

Sleep disturbance

Answer 35

any **sleep-related problem** which **interferes** with an individuals **normal sleep-wake cycle** therefore possibly affecting the quantity, quality or sleep onset

Question 36

Sleep disorder

Answer 36

a persistant disturbance of an individuals regular sleep pattern which can impair their daily functioning in unwanted ways

Question 37

Primary sleep disorder

Answer 37

refers to when a sleep disorder is **caused** by or **associated** with a **physical or mental illness**, or **use of a substance** -that occurs on its own h which cannot be atributed by another condition Ex. *insomnia*

Question 38

Secondary sleep disorder

Answer 38

refers to when a **sleep disturbance** occurs as a **by-product** of the results from **another condition** which affects normal sleep patterns persistantly *Ex*. back pain, bladdeer or breathing problems, anxiety or depression disorders.

Question 39

Sleep deprivation

Answer 39

**state** caused by **inadequete quantity and quality** of sleep (voluntary or involuntary)

Question 40

Sleep debt

Answer 40

**accumulated** amount of **sleep lost** from **inadequate sleep**

Question 41

Partial sleep deprivation

Answer 41

refers to when an individual has less sleep than what is required

Question 42

Total sleep deprivation

Answer 42

refers to when an individual has **no sleep at all**

Question 43

microsleep

Answer 43

**sleep episode** which lasts for a few seconds (~1-15 seconds)

Question 44

Circadian sleep phase disorder

Answer 44

**collection of sleep disorders** involving a **sleep disturbance** primarily due to a **mismatch** between an individuals **sleep-wake cycle pattern** and **pattern desired/required** Ex. *Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder, Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder, Shift Work Disorder*

Question 45

Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPD)

Answer 45

***circadian sleep phase disorder*** where **major sleep episode** is **delayed** in relation to desired/**conventional** sleep time

Question 46

Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder (ASPD)

Answer 46

**persistant distrubance** in sleep-wake cycle where **major sleep** episode has been **advanced** to an **earlier** than desired/conventional sleep time

Question 47

Shift-work disorder

Answer 47

occurs due to a **shift** **regularly scheduled** during the **usual sleep period**

Question 48

Brigth Light Therapy

Answer 48

**timed exposure** to the eyes to **intense safe amounts** of **light** at a specific period in the day to assist in **treating** circadian sleep phase disorders Aim: to allign an individuals sleep-wake cycleto the desired or required schedule

Question 49

Zeitgebers

Answer 49

**environmental time cues** *ex. clocks, alarms, school bells, timetables, workplace routines, eating and drinking patterns, social routines, newsfeeds and notifications, * -other atmospheric conditions, and anything else that can **signal time**.

Question 50

Entrained

Answer 50

when a **behaviour** or rhythm such as the ***sleep-wake cycle*** adjusts itself to **match and sync** to **environment** through the influence of ***zeitgebers***