HHD- AOS2 Flashcards
old public health
refers to the governments actions in improving physical environment to prevent the spread of disease by establishment of gov-funded water, sewage systems/disposal, improved nutrition, better sanitation, improve* working conditions,* and housing conditions to reduce infectious disease
patterns in mortality
decrease prevalence of infectious disease, CVD, injury and poisonings, respiratory disease
increase prevelance of cancer
biomedical model of health
focuses on the physical and biological aspect of a disease practised by doctors and health care professional on the diagnosis and treatment/cure of a disease when symptoms present
features of biomedical model of health
-focuses on disease at an individual level
-service provide is by doctors and healthcare professionals and hospitals
-concerned with the disease itself (not the cause)
- quick fix approach
-relies on technology to treat, cure, and diagnose
Advantages of biomedical model of health (4)
- focused on treating many illnesses effectively
- funds allow imrpovements in medical technology to advance ways of diagnose and treatment
- extend life expectancy
- improves quality of life and HALE (by treating disease itself)
Disadvantage of biomedical model of health (4)
- not every disease can be cured
- doesn’t promote good health and wellbeing
- costly for the price of health care professionals and doctors (education and training)
- not always affordable to the public
Policies of Old Public Health (7)
-establishment of government funded water and sewage systems
-implented quarantine laws
-elimination of housing slums and improved housing conditions
-improved food and safety
-improved working conditions
-public health campaigns
-hygenic birthing conditions
-provision of infant and antenatal welfare service
New public health
refers to expanding on the focus of individual towards their physical, sociocultural, and political environments to improve health status
Features of social model of health (5)
Intersectoral collaboration
Acts to reduce inequality
Address broader determinants
Access to healthcare
Empowering individuals
Medicare
Australia’s universal health system which is able to provide a range of health service at a subsidised cost to treat and diagnosis various conditions
Eligibility
Australians, permenant residents and those under the reciprocal agreement funded by the government
Pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)
federal government scheme able to provide a range of essential medications listed under the PBS at a subsidised cost to treat a variety of conditions for cost-effective medications
Eligible
-all Australian residents who hold a current Medicare card
-those from countries part of the reciprocal agreement
National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)
Health system able to support the needs of those with significant or lifelong permanent disabilities through individualised plans to assist them in living an ordinary life based on their individual needs
federal government scheme
Private health insurance
Health system able to provide a range of services not covered by Medicare by a premium fee
Guideline 1
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs and maintain energy balance
Guideline 2
adequate intake of all five food groups as a wide variety as well as plenty of water
Guideline 3
Low intake of high saturated fats, sugar, salt, and alcohol
Guideline 4
encourage, promote, and support breastfeeding
Guideline 5
Care for your food; prepare and store it safely
Australian guide to healthy eating
Visual pie chart which illustrates the proportional intake of all five food groups, recommendation of water, and encourages low intake of discretionary substances to illustrate guidelines 2 and 3
Schedule fee
amount which Medicare covers depending on what the government deems appropriate for specific services and treatments
-doctors and private hospitals may charge more
Patient co-payment
when doctors or hospitals charges more than the schedule fee, the patient is required to pay additional out-of-pocket expenses
-pay for amount not covered by schedule fee
Bulk-billing
when doctors or hospitals only charge the schedule fee
=no out-of-pocket expenses from patient as its all covered by medicare
How is medicare funded
-general taxation
-medicare levy: around 2% of taxable income (exceptions- low SES or unemployed)
-medicare levy surcharge: additional fee for those with high income and do not have private health insurance
Medicare Safety Net
provides further assistance for those who use Medicare services and treatments frequently
-once paid a certain amount of out of pocket expenses for Medicare services= will be reduced the remainder of the year
**promotes equity
PBS Safety Net
able to protect families and individuals from large overall expenses of PBS listed medications
Concessional co-payment
provides further assistance for those with low incomes or are unemployed to further reduce the cost of subsidized medications
Health Promotion
focuses on enabling people to increase their control and improve their health by focusing on the prevention rather the disease and cure as the starting point through provoding the skills and knowledge
TGA vs PBAC
TGA: Therapeutic goods administratios- monitors and evaluates the effectiveness of medications and products defined as therapeutic goods
PBAC: Pharmacieudical benefits avisatory committee- recommends new medicines to be listed under the PBS to ministers following an assessment on its safety and effectiveness
PBS
