psychology- AOS2

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

a relatively permenant change in behaviour that occurs as a reponse to experience with environment
-intentional or unintentional
^active or passive

*evident when a relatively permenant changein behaviour occurs in response to an environmental stimuli

Question 2

Conditional learning

Answer 2

method of learning primed on involuntary association of events and stimulis which connect over time. To produce
Ex. of involuntary learning response- reflexive responses (fear, salivating)

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Answer 3

a type of learning/learning process whereby the consequences of behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future based on experience

Question 4

Operant

Answer 4

any response (or set of responses) that acts (‘operates’) on the environment to produce some kind of specific consequence or outcome
-is a response not a stimuli

Question 5

classical vs operant
conditioning

Answer 5

classical: stimuli prompts an automatic involuntary reflexive response
operant: stimuli prompts a voluntary response influenced by its predicted outcome based on experience

Question 6

Punishment

Answer 6

delivery of an unpleasent concequence or the removal of a pleasent concequence following a particular behaviour/response
=weaken and **decrease the likelihood **of response occuring again over time

Question 7

Post-mortem study

Answer 7

when researchers study the physical brain of a person who displayed a particular behaviour while they were alive that suggested possible brain damage

Question 8

brain lesion

Answer 8

any disruption of or damage to the brain’s normal structure and tissue abnormalities

Question 9

Aphantasia

Answer 9

characterised as the absence of visual imagery

Question 10

Alzheimers disease

Answer 10

neurodegentive disorder occurs with age lead characterised by the gradual widespread degeneration of neurons
=progressive decline in memory, social and cognitive skills, personality changes

-can lead to brain leisons and damage to brain structure and tisse

Question 11

Autobiographical memory/events

Answer 11

personal experiences that have occurred at a time within ones life which store individuals personal history including sematic facts about themselves
-stored in episodic memory

Question 12

Flashbulb memory

Answer 12

highly vivid and detailed long-lasting memory thats either consequential, suprising, or emotionally arousing

linked to amygdala and its involvement in encoding explicit memories linked to hippocampus

Question 13

Dementia

Answer 13

Umbrella term for diseases
linked to :loss of memory, language, problem-solving and other thinking abilities that are severe enough to interfere with daily life.

Ex. Alzheimers disease, *Lewy body, vascular *

Question 14

Observational learning

Answer 14

form of social-cognitive learning from Albert Bandura
-involves aquisition of information or behaviour though watching the performance of others (model)
(directly or indirectly-vicariously)

Question 15

Social-Cognitive apporach to learning

Answer 15

emphasises on the social context where learning occurs
-highlights cognitive/mental processing as essential components of this approach linked to consciously being aware and processing relevent info following close observation

-indirect conditioning can occur vicariously through observational learning

Question 16

Behaviourist approach

Answer 16

does not rely on mental processing but rather the behaviour exhibited through with association (stimuli and behaviour) to its interaction with the environment as evidence and measurement of learning
-environments response as reinforcement and punishment influence the occurance of behaviour

ex. classical and operant conditioning

Question 17

Ways of Knowing

Answer 17

Form of learning for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders which relys on a multimodal system to embed and describe knowledge of Country and reltionships between enitities

Question 18

Entities

Answer 18

everything which exists in the universe as defined as being sentient

Question 19

Sentient

Answer 19

ability to think, feel, breath, and live

Question 20

Country

Answer 20

cultural term to describe all entities which exist in the universe
Ex. plants, land, water, soil, geography, medicine, artwork, dance, music, laws

Question 21

Types of ways of knowing

Answer 21

dadirri, Yarning, Songlines, 8 ways of knowing

Question 22

Dadirri

Answer 22

deep listening which practices silent still awareness
=allows recognition of relationship between entities and events

Question 23

Songlines

Answer 23

sung storieswhich orally describe relationship of and knowledge of Country as a navigational route linked to intergenerational knowledge
-includes knowledge of: food, medicine, concequence of behaviour, laws and spiritual knowledge

Question 24

Yarning

Answer 24

freeflowing conversation which builds on whats previosuly been said by sharing knowledge
-based on open questioning

Question 25

8 ways of knowing

Answer 25

*community links, non-verbal, deconstruct/reconstruct, land links, story sharing, learning maps, symbols and images, non-linear* -all interconneted as a form of learning

Question 26

How does mnemonics assist with memory

Answer 26

(1) making information to be remembered more **elaborate** (e.g. more detail, use of rhythm, rhyme, imagery) and (2) **linking** **new information** to **previously encoded information in LTM** and thereby assisting how it is **organised** with that information (e.g. integrate to form a cohesive whole rather than isolated bits).

Question 27

mnemonic

Answer 27

any **technique** use to assist **memory** which involves **further elaboration** of information ex. *acrostic, acronym, method of loci *

Question 28

Method of loci

Answer 28

Involves associating information as a **mental image** to **specific locations** that are easily distinguishable to the learner in ints predetermined **sequential order** (1) Convert items to be remembered into mental images and link with well-known locations. (2) Revisit each place in the sequence in its predetermined order, retrieving from each place the image associated with it. Ex. remebering a shopping list by the placement of items throghout the grocery store

Question 29

Acrostic

Answer 29

creation of **sentence** using the **first letter **of each item as the sentence follows a **sequential order **as the information Ex. Every Good Boy Deserves Fruit

Question 30

Acronym

Answer 30

formation of a **pronouncable word** consisitng of the **first letter** of each item of information ^first letter will act as cues to allow -this also includes *initialisms* Ex. NASA, BODMAS

Question 31

Initialism

Answer 31

type of ***acronym*** where each letter is pronounced seperately in its sequential order Ex. VIP, LOL, LMAO

Question 32

hippocampus

Answer 32

*location*: medial temporal lobe (interconnected to amygdala) *function*(3): **encoding** and ***consolidation*** of long term explicit memory involved in explicit component of **emotional memories** (time and place and facts of event) involved in **spatial awareness** *damage*: unable to recall explicit semantic and episodic memories

Question 33

Amygdala

Answer 33

*location*: medial temporal lobe (interconnected to hippocampus) *function* (2): aquisition of **classically conidtioned** responses **encoding** and **consolidation** **emotional response** (fear, anxiety, anger) ^not permenantly stored in amygdala -specifically the *damage*: unable to express fear in appropriate situations in response to signals of danger

Question 34

Neocortex

Answer 34

*location*: outer surface of the brain as part of cerebral cortex- connected to virutually everything *function*(2): **storage** of long term explicit memories, **retrieval** of long-term semantic memories *damage*: unable to retrieve semantic and episodic memories= impaired memory and storage *interaction with **hippocampus** to encode ,form, store, and retrieve explicit memory Also said to be where well-learnt motor skills (implicit procedural memories) are transferred to

Question 35

Basal Ganglia

Answer 35

*location*: deep in the brain hemispheres *function*(1): regulation of motor skills as part of implicit procedural memory- voluntary movement *damage: *: impaired voluntary movement and disrupt connection between nuclei and basal ganglia circuitry: includes dopamine producing substantia nigra= tremors, trouble sustaining voluntary movement

Question 36

Cerebellum

Answer 36

*location*: base of the brain *function*(4): involved **skilled sequence of motor movements** require timing, speed, fluency coordination, -**fine muscle movement and control** involvement in **spatial awareness,** **permenant storage of classically conditioned reflexes** reflexive responses **encoding** and temporary storage **implicit procedural memory**

Question 37

Classical conditioning

Answer 37

behaviourist approach to learning which relies on the **repeated association** of twe (or more) stimuli that are different to produce an **involuntary automatic response**

Question 38

sensory memory

Answer 38

refers to entry point in **recieving** **incoming information** from the **environment**

Question 39

short term memory

Answer 39

refers to*working memory* where all **consious** **cognitive activity occurs** through **active** processing, examination, or manipulation Ex. solving maths question, answering questions during a test, making descisions, interpretating, feelings

Question 40

long term memory

Answer 40

refers to where information is stored **relatively permenant** where it can be retrieved following ***consolidation*** (info can still undergo reconsolidation) Ex. Explicit, implicit memory

Question 41

Consolidation

Answer 41

**neurobiological **process where newly learnt memory becomes **stable and enduring** following learning experience and time

Question 42

Explicit memory

Answer 42

Information and memories which can be **openly expressed** where retrieved into **consious awareness** Ex. semantic and episodic

Question 43

Implicit memory

Answer 43

information cannot be easily expressed and explained -does **not require consious** or **intentional** **retrieval** Ex. procedural and classically conditioned responses memory is showcased through performance ^tying shoelace, reading

Question 44

procedural memory

Answer 44

**skills** involved in **particular tasks** essentially refers to memory of 'how to do thing' -can be both **physical**; motor skills or **cognitive** Ex. reading, using computer -besed on practice and demosrated through performance

Question 45

Observational learning

Answer 45

follows the *social-cognitive approach* to learning -involves **aquisition of information or behaviour** through carefully **watching** the **performance** of **others** (directly or indirectly)

Question 46

Habituation

Answer 46

process of becoming **accustomed** to a specific **stimuli** due to **repeated exposure** leading to a **decline in responsiveness **

Question 47

encoding

Answer 47

process of converting information from environment into a **usable form** to allow **neurological representation** and **memory storage**

Question 48

memory

Answer 48

involves **processessing storage and retrieval** of information acquired through **learning**

Question 49

antecedent

Answer 49

a **condition or event** which occurs **before behaviour** in *operant conidtioning* which becomes **associated** with a specific concequence following voluntary behaviour

Question 50

concequence

Answer 50

final stage in operant conditioning- **environmental response or outcome** to a voluntary behaviour which followed the antecedent and **influences the likelihood** of a **behaviour** occuring again in response to the antecedent