Psychology Test Flashcards
Personality
the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce individuality in a person
Psychodynamic approaches to personality
personality is motivated by inner forces (Sigmund Freud)
Psychoanalytic theory
Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality.
The Unconscious
a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs,
How many parts of ego according to Freud
3 - Ego, Superego and Id
What is Id
the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality created by primitive drives, selfishness, unconsious
What is the Ego
strives to balance the desires of the id and the outside world, makes decisions and controls actions
What is the superego (perfectionist)
represents the rights and wrongs of society, helps us control impulses coming from the id, making our behavior less selfish
Psychosexual Stages
Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.
Fixations
Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.
The oral stage
At this stage, the baby’s mouth is the focal point of pleasure (from 12-18 months to 3 years of age)
The anal stage
A period when the emphasis in Western cultures is on toilet training (from 12-18 months to 3 years of age)
The phallic stage
Now interest focuses on the genitals and the pleasures derived from fondling them. (from 3 to 5-6 years of age)
The latency period
During this period, sexual interests become dormant (5 years - adolecence)
The genital stage
The focus during the genital stage is on mature, adult sexuality, which Freud defined as sexual intercourse. (Adolescence - death)
Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts
People trained in Freudian theories but later changed their minds about the theory.
Collective Unconscious
a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors
Trait theory
a model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality.
Traits
consistent personality characteristics
Social cognitive approaches to personality
theories that emphasize the influence of a person’s cognitions
Self-efficacy
the belief in one’s personal capabilities
Biological and evolutionary approaches to personality
theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited.
Humanistic approaches to personality
theories that emphasize people’s innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning.
Unconditional positive regard
an attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer
(DSM-5)
a system used by professionals to diagnose and classify abnormal behaviour.
Specific phobia
the intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations.
Specific phobia
the intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
the occurrence of long-term, persistent anxiety and worry.
Compulsions
irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable
SAD
SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER
Antisocial personality disorder
a disorder in which individuals show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society
Borderline personality disorder
a disorder in which individuals have difficulty developing a secure sense of who they are.
Somatic Symptom Disorders
psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form, but for which there is no medical cause.
Conversion disorders
disorder that involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or leg
Psychodynamic therapy
seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious
Psychoanalysis
goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behaviour.
Aversive conditioning
pairing an unpleasant stimulus with undesired behaviour.
Systematic desensitization
a behavioural technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)
getting people to accept who they are, regardless of whether it matches their ideal.
Community psychology
a branch of psychology that focuses on the prevention and minimization of psychological disorders in the community.
Deinstitutionalization
he transfer of former mental patients from institutions to the community.
Health psychology
the branch of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
the study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain.
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion.
Type B behaviour
Easy going
Type A
Competitve
Type D Behaviour
Stressful
Reactance
a negative emotional and cognitive reaction that result from the restriction of one’s freedom and that can be associated with medical regimens.
