psychology term 3 Flashcards
sensation
a sense organ that detect signals from the environment to your brain
perception
ohh it makes sense.. brains interpretation and making the thing meaningful
transduction
transformation of signals from the environment into neurosignals.
transformation of signals from the environment ( light, sound) to neural signals in which our brain can process it.
sensory adaptation
decrease in sensory neurons decrease in the sensitivity of stimuli
absolute threshold
smallest amount of stimuli needed for detecting 50% of the time.
i could barely detect the light in a dark room!
different threshold
smallest difference you can detect between two stimuli.
weber’s law
the difference threshold is in terms of percentage difference not amount difference .
signal detection theory
a theory that describes when and how we detect signals
false positive
when u say yes when actually the answer is (NO) or negative
false negative
when you say NO wheb actually the answer is YES
selective attention
paying attention to selective or specific things
length of the light wave (hue)
Hue
determine the colour perception eg, shorter wavelenghts- blue, longer–red
amplitude of light wave (
brightness , determine brightness of the color
cornea
the clear, outermost layer of the eye
outer clear section of eye
iris
colured part of the eye which contracts and controls the size of pupil
pupil
the whole in the middle
which controls how light enters
Lens
the structure that change shape to focus light to retina
retina
the inner area of the eye that contains rods and cons
cones
photoreceptors that detect colors
Rods
photoreceptors that detect white and black vision
fovea
structure located in the retina that focuses most detail.
optic nerve
a nerve that carries signals from the retina to the brain
optic chiasm
the place where swab or switch of the visual field
blind spot
an area in the retina that there are no photoreceptors
optic nerve leaves the eye
Area V1 primary visual cortex
( in the occipital lobe) the first or primary area that process the visual information
3 types of cones
Blue, Red, Green
enable color vision and respond to the wave length.
colour afterimage
seeing opposite color after starring at something for too long
colour opponents system
Blue- Yellow
Black-White
Red- Green
the theory of the color vision is the opposing pairs
visual receptive field
a specific area that the visual field that neurons respond to.
feature detectors
area of the visual cortex which detect or respond to specific features.
areas that detect specific features eg. edges, motion
ventral stream
what pathway form the occipital to temporal lobe and it detects the WHAT is the object????
Dorsal steam
WHERE is the object form occipital lobe into the parietal lobe ( detects the location and movement)
visual form agnosia
inability to recognize objects by vision
damage in temporal age.
binding problems
how those independent bind together.
parallel processing
brain ability to process multiple visual features continuously
illusory conjunction
mix or combination of multiple objects incorrectly combined.
feature- integration theory
the brain requires focused attention for binding the features correctly.
perceptual constancy
understanding that objects remain the same in the retina even though it appears different ( shape, brighteness, size)
gestalt perceptual grouping rules
simplicity, closure,continuity, proximity, common fate and similarity
simplicity
brain preference for the simplest explanation
closure
we group things together if they are close together
continuty
we group things together if doing so allows us to see a continuous line or curve
similarity
we group things together if they share a feature (color, size
proximity
we group things together if they are close together
common fate
things that move together are always grouped in the same group.
feature group relationship
Difference between the main object (feature) and the background( ground)
monocular depth cues
depth cue that requires only one eye
linear perspective
if two lines are converging, they look like they are further away
interposition
when one object is blocking part of other, we know that object is closer
relative size
if an object looks smaller that it should be then it is farther away
motion parallax
closer objects moves faster than distant object while moving
texture gradient
when the object appear more detail, it is closer
binocular depth cues
depth cue that requires both eyes
binocular disparity
difference in image b/n the two eyes.
apparent motion
awareness of movement in stationary object die to rapid change in image
retinal disparity
the more difference /n the two retinal images are closer object is
change blindeness
failing to notice the change in colors
synesthesia
a condition of sensory stimulating leading to another sensory . eg. seeing colors when hearing music
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when attention is focused elsewhere.
audition / auditory
waves of air pressure
sound wave
frequency
pitch- number of waves/ per unit of time.
amplitude
loudness- taller bumps
height of the sound
complexity
( timbre)= what the sound look like.
auditory canal
pinna- sound collector,
a tube that carries sound from the outer eat to the eardrum
eardrum
vibrates when sound hits it
ossicles
the three bones, stapes, incus and malleus
cochlea
snail looking, transduction which contain hair cells
auditory cortex
process sound
Area A1 auditory cortex
the first part of the brain that process sound is temporal lobe
place code
very high pitch ( frequency)
higher pitches in the cochlea are detected at the beginning and low pitches are detected at the end
temporal codes
the speed of the nerve signals ,matches the frequency of low pitches sound
conduction hearing lossw
when sound wave can not reach cochlea due to eardrum prob
sensorineural hearing loss
when the inner is damaged can be due to loud noise, aging…
A- delta fibres
fast nerve fibres that sends sharp pain signals
C-fibres
slower nerve fibres, long lasting pain
referred pain
pain felt in a different part of the body than where the problem is (like arm pain during a heart attack
preventing orgaisms from doing a foolish thing that damage to their body
gate control theory
spinal cord can block or allow pain signals
proprioception ( kinesthetic sense)
the ability to sense your other body without looking
touching ur mouth with ur eye closed :)
vestibular system/ sense
the system in the inner ear that help with balance and movment
olfactory
smell( detect chemicals in the air)
olfactory receptor neurons
part of the brain that processes smell.
pheromones
chemical released by the body which can affect the behavior of organisms
menstrual synchrony
the idea that women’s who live together have their period cycle align
gustation
taste/
5 taste buds
sweet- detect sugar
sour- detect acids
bitter- detect toxins
salty- detect salty
umami- detect meat
bottom up processing
starting with the sensation to conception– when u know how it looks or chrx and be able to tell
top- buttom procession
from conception to sensation
Using what you already know (experiences, expectations) to interpret what you see, hear, or feel.
