Psychology: Stress and Conditioning

Question 0

stress

Answer 0

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening (distress) or challenging (estress)

Question 1

health psychology

Answer 1

a subfield of psychology that focuses on how stress affect well-being and health

Question 2

responding to stress

Answer 2

• increased heart rate
• dilated pupils
• dulled sensation of pain
• increased blood flow to major organs
• flight or fight
• stress hormone cortisol is secreted and attacks the immune system
• increased body temperature

Question 3

effects of stress on the immune system

Answer 3

• biological cycles such as sleep, dietary and menstrual cycles may be altered
• cortisol is the stress hormone that attacks the immune system
• more prone to illness or not healing properly

Question 4

Hangs Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 4

• the concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
• alarm: stressor occurs, is identified and resources (hormones, energy) are mobilized to respond
• resistance: when one copes with stressor and physiological systems of stress is felt, resistance can only take place for so long
• exhaustion: immune system and energy system crashes

Question 5

Types of Stressors

Answer 5

Daily Stressors: lost car keys, forgotten homework, project
Significant Life Changes: death of a loved one, lost job
Catastrophe: hurricanes, terror attacks, wars

Question 6

Results of Daily Stress Burnout

Answer 6

Depression: emotional exhaustion
Decreased performance: physical exhaustion
Cynicism: mental exhaustion

Question 7

Effects of Perceived Control

Answer 7

• when people are optimistic and believe that they have control over situation tend have better state of health following it
• when people are pessimistic and believe that they have no sense of control over the situation will haves worse state of health such as harsher ulcers and lower immunity

Question 8

Type A

Answer 8

type a personalities anger-prone, aggressive, and competitive and more likely to experience heart disease

Question 9

Type B

Answer 9

a term for easygoing, relaxed people who are less prone to illness

Question 10

Stress in Relation to Cancer and Heart Disease

Answer 10

-stress does not cause cancer or heart disease but stress reactions affect the body’s ability to fight these illnesses

Question 11

learning

Answer 11

a relatively permanent change in behavior cause by experience

Question 12

classical conditioning

Answer 12

a type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response

Question 13

stimulus

Answer 13

anything in the environment that one can respond to

Question 14

response

Answer 14

any behavior or action

Question 15

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 15

a stimulus that triggers a responses reflexively and automatically (presence of food)

Question 16

unconditioned response

Answer 16

an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivation in response to presence of food)

Question 17

conditioned stimulus

Answer 17

previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gain the power to cause a response (sound of the bell)

Question 18

neutral stimulus

Answer 18

a stimulus that does not produces any response until it is associated with a previously unconditioned stimulus

Question 19

conditioned response

Answer 19

the response to the conditioned stimulus (salivation)

Question 20

Ivan Pavlov’s Dog Experiment

Answer 20

• Pavlov was initially testing the effects of salivation on digestion
• As the dog became familiar with the procedure he began salivating as the site of the researcher’s assistant or as they were being harnessed
• Pavlov wanted to learn what other ways he could control the salivation of the dogs, so he preceded feeding time with the tuning of fork to begin acquisition

Question 21

Acquisition

Answer 21

• the process of developing a learned response
• acquisition occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus; repeated pairings are called trials

Question 22

Extinction

Answer 22

In classical conditioning, the diminishing of a learned response after repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone.

Question 23

Generalization

Answer 23

producing the same response to two similar stimuli

Question 24

discrimination

Answer 24

the ability to distinguish between two signals or stimuli and produce different responses

Question 25

Classical Conditioning and Behavior

Answer 25

John B. Watson believed that you could control a learner’s behavioral response by manipulating a stimulus in the environment. Used this contradict Freud’s psychodynamic theory and illustrated this point with his experiment with little Albert

Question 26

Classical Conditioning and Cognition

Answer 26

Robert Rescorla realized that certain aspects of classical conditioning situations could not be explained without referring to mental processes since it refers to whether calculating an event is predictable or not.

Question 27

operant conditioning

Answer 27

a type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior

Question 28

Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 28

Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect states that behaviors with favorable consequences (reinforced behaviors) will occur more often and behaviors followed by less favorable consequences (punished behaviors) will occur less often

Question 29

Reinforcement

Answer 29

Reinforcement is any consequence that increases the future likelihood a behavior

Question 30

Punishment

Answer 30

Punishment is any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior

Question 31

positive reinforcement

Answer 31

Postive reinforcement is anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state

Question 32

negative reinforcement

Answer 32

Negative reinforcement is anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state

Question 33

Immediate versus Delayed Reinforcement

Answer 33

Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcements because of one’s overall desire for instant gratification

Question 34

Primary versus Secondary Reinforcement

Answer 34

Primary reinforcement is something that is naturally reinforcing such as food, warmth and water.
Secondary reinforcement is something that you have learned to value, like money.

Question 35

shaping

Answer 35

Reinforcement of behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired one; the operant technique used to establish new behaviors.

Question 36

Discrimination vs. Extinction

Answer 36

Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between similar signals or stimuli and produce different responses.
Extinction, in operant conditioning, the loss of a behavior when no consequence follows it.

Question 37

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 37

In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows every correct response.

Question 38

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 38

In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows only some correct responses. There are four types of of operant conditioning):

1. Fixed Interval Schedule
2. Variable Interval Schedule
3. Fixed Ratio Schedule
4. Variable Ratio Schedule

Question 39

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 39

In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards only the first correct response after some defined period

Question 40

variable-interval schedule

Answer 40

In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards that first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time.

Question 41

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Answer 41

In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after some defined number of correct response

Question 42

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Answer 42

In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses.

Question 43

Latent Learning

Answer 43

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it.

Question 44

Cognitive Map

Answer 44

The mental representation of a place

Question 45

Over-justification Effect

Answer 45

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do; the reward may lessen and replace the person’s original, natural motivation so that the behavior stops if the reward is eliminated.