Psychology: Branches of Psychology Flashcards
Wilhelm Wundt
father psychology
introspection: describe conscious experiences in a systemic way
psychology
the science of mental processes and behavior
science: experiments
mental processes: thoughts, feelings, emotions
behavior: observable, actions and reactions
Edward Titchener
structuralism
focused on the structure of consciousness; analysis of intensity, clarity, quality
William James
functionalism: how consciousness helps us adapt to our environment
Sigmund Freud
focus on psychoanalysis:
theory on personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious drives and desires
John Watson
behaviorism: theory that psychology should only study observable behavior, not mental processes
Piaget
child behavior and child thinking processes
Psychodynamic Perspective
how people are affected by unconscious drives and conflicts
humanistic perspective
how healthy people strive to reach their full potential
behavioral perspective
focuses on observable responses and how we lead through a system of rewards, punishment, andobservation
cognitive perspective
how we process information, store it and retrieve it
biological perspective
how physical structures and substances influence underlying given behavior, thought or emotion
social-cultural perspective
how thinking and behavior changes in different situations or as a result of cultural influences
evolutionary perspective
focuses on the principles of natural selection to study the roots of behavior and mental processes
Nature vs. Nature
how genetic influences and pre-disposition influence our psychology versus non-genetic influences such as values, personality,
and interests
Parents
-morals/ values
Peers
- music
- sports/ extracurriculars
- view of right and wrong
- reaction to peer pressure
Culture
- social norms
- fashion
- trends
- views of people (generalization/discrimination)
- morals/ values
Early Childhood Experiences
- language development
- communication/ interactions
- social norms
- using utensils
Correlational
studies the relationship between two variables (negatively and positively related)
Case Study
one person is studied thoroughly in hoping to revealing universal principles
longitudinal studies
follows the same group of people over long periods of time
cross-sectional study
compares individuals from different age groups at one time
Survey
technique that questions a sample of people to collect information about their behaviors and attitudes
participation bias
tendency for participants to behave in certain ways because they know that they are being observed or they believe they know what the researcher wants
confirmation bias
when the researcher tends to focus on information that supports preconception
