Psychology: Neuroscience and Child Development Flashcards

0
Q

medulla

A

part of the brainstem; it is also responsible for heartbeat, breathing, swallowing etc

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1
Q

Brainstem

A

part of the brain responsible for automatic survival functions (breathing, heartbeat)

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2
Q

reticular formation

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controls wakefulness and arousal

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3
Q

thalamus

A

brain’s sensory switchboard, directs message to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex

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4
Q

cerebellum

A

helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance

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5
Q

limbic system

A

ring of structures that regulates important functions such as memory, fear, aggression, hunger, thirst
the limbic system includes within it the hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala

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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

below the thalamus that helps regulate hemostatic functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature
also responsible for the fight or flight mechanism, emotion, pleasure and sexual functions

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7
Q

hippocampus

A

processes and stores memories

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8
Q

amygdala

A

controls emotional responses such as fear and anger

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9
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the two brain hemispheres and allows the to communicate with one another

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10
Q

frontal lobes

A

responsible for advanced cognitive abilities such as judgement and planning

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11
Q

parietal lobes

A

includes the somatosensory cortex and general association areas used for processing information

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12
Q

occipital lobes

A

visual processing areas of the brain

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13
Q

temporal lobes

A

auditory processing center

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14
Q

motor cortex

A

control voluntary movement; component of the frontal lobe

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15
Q

somatosensory cotex

A

registers and processing body sensations; component of the parietal lobe

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16
Q

Broca’s area

A

directs muscle movements involved in speech (left frontal lobe)

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17
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

part of brain involved language comprehension (left temporal lobe)

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18
Q

case study

A

a research technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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19
Q

Phineas Gage

A

a railroad worker in 1848 who obtained a traumatic injury to his frontal lobe; the personality changes that resulted allowed us to understand that the frontal lobe heavily influences personality and judgement

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20
Q

computerized axial tomography (CAT scan or CT scan)

A

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by the computer into a composite representation of a slice through of the body; basically this allows us to see the structure of the brain

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21
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among soft types of tissue; this allows us to see the structures within the brain

22
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity a that sweep across the brain’s surface; these waves, measured by electrodes places on the scalp are helpful in evaluating brain function

23
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

a visual display of brain activity

24
The Main Functions of the Right Hemisphere
responsible for spatial abilities (such as organizing items within a given space); also allows us to establish connections between words
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The Main Functions of the Left Hemisphere
the speech center of the brain
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zygote
a fertilized egg; a zygote remains a zygote during the first two weeks where the cell begins to divide and the resulting cells start to differentiate
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embryo
the baby is now called an embryo from two weeks to 8 weeks where one can detect a heartbeat, red blood cells are produced by the baby's own liver as the major organs begin to form
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fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities that appear in children whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while pregnant; abnormalities include misproportioned head and facial features and struggling cognitive skills that can take place well into adulthood
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maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior; experience does not influence maturation but it is purely effected by genetic predisposition; experience does influence development such a reading and social skills however
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brain development
at birth we do not have the neural pathways that allow us to memorize events and move the way that we do now.
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schemas
concepts or metal frameworks that organize and interpret information
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assimiliation
interpreting your new experiences in terms of your existing schemas
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accommodation
adapting your current schemas to incorporate new information
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Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
takes place from birth to two years; characterized by experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing, and grasping); object permanence is a key development that takes places during this stage
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Preoperational Stage of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
takes place from two years to six or seven; characterized representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning; key developmental events pretend play, egocentrism, and language development
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Concrete Operational of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
takes place from 6 or 7 to 11 years; marked by thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations; developmental events are marked by understanding of conservation and mathematics operations
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Formal Operational of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
from 12 years through adulthood; marked by abstract reasoning and potential for mature moral reasoning
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Critiques of Piaget's Assessments
- does not take into account culture - puberty is not taken account for (between 12 y.o. and adulthood) - often underestimated a child's cognitive capacities resulting in distorted age ranges
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attachment
the emotional tie with another person shown by seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress upon separation
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stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
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Components of Attachment: Body Contact
being held and comforted by a caregiver has been shown to be more effective in forming attachment than simply be nourished by a caregiver (Harlow's experiment with baby monkey'
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Components of Attachment: Familiarity
familiarity to overcome stranger anxiety and foster contentment
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Reponsiveness
responsiveness- parents are aware of what their child is doing and respond accordingly
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secure attachment
children explore their environment when the caregiver is present; upon departure they become distressed and run to the caregiver union reunion
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insecure attachment
are often clingy to the parent when present; when the caregiver leaves they cry or show indifference to the caregiver's departure and return
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insecure ambivalent attachment
child shows no sign of emotion (distress or contentment)
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insecure avoidant attachment
child removes his or herself from the presence of the caregiver (but does not show emotion)
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disorganized insecure attachment
the child is sometimes ambivalent or sometime avoidant
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authoritative parenting
a style of parenting marked by making demands on the child, being responsive, setting and enforcing rules, and discussing the reasons behind the rules
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authoritarian parenting
a style of parenting marked by imposing rules and expecting obedience
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permissive parenting
a style of parenting marked by by submitting to children's desires, making few demands, and using little punishment
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indifferent parenting
style of parenting where the is passiveness between both parties, little warmth, communication and expectations are present