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MCAT > Psychology/Sociology (Concept 8A, 8B, 8C) > Flashcards

Psychology/Sociology (Concept 8A, 8B, 8C) Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

self-concept

A

an overarching idea we have about who we are—physically, emotionally, socially, spiritually, and in terms of any other aspects that make up who we are

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2
Q

identity

A

encompasses the memories, experiences, relationships, and values that create one’s sense of self

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3
Q

social identity

A

the portion of an individual’s self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group

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4
Q

self-esteem

A

how we value and perceive ourselves

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5
Q

self-efficacy

A

reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one’s own motivation, behavior, and social environment

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6
Q

external locus of control

A

the degree to which people believe that external forces have control over the outcome of events in their lives

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7
Q

internal locus of control

A

the degree to which people believe that they have control over the outcome of events in their lives

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8
Q

types of identities

A

race, religion, ethnicity, gender, sex, sexual orientation, etc.

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9
Q

theories of identity development

A

Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development (specifically the Identity versus Role Confusion stage), James Marcia’s identity status theory, and Jeffrey Arnett’s theories of identity formation in emerging adulthood

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10
Q

imitation

A

the action of using someone or something as a model

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11
Q

role-taking

A

the capacity to imagine another person’s perspective, and how one is viewed by others

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12
Q

reference group

A

a group that individuals look to for “reference” or influence

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13
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

cognitive attribution bias where observers underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors

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14
Q

culture in attribution

A

people from Western cultures tend to make more personal attributions, whereas people from collectivistic cultures tend to focus more on the situational explanations of behavior

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15
Q

stigma

A

a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person

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16
Q

stereotype

A

a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing

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17
Q

ethnocentrism

A

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture

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18
Q

cultural relativism

A

the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments using the standards of one’s own culture

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19
Q

emotion in prejudice

A

that anger and disgust amplified the negative attitudes toward different groups, but in specific ways

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20
Q

cognition in prejudice

A

cognitive processes are crucial in dealing with bias and prejudice; can help decrease prejudice

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21
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

an expectation or belief that can influence your behaviors, thus causing the belief to come true

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22
Q

stereotype threat

A

the risk of confirming negative stereotypes about an individual’s racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural group which can create high cognitive load and reduce academic focus and performance

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23
Q

achieved status

A

position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit and is earned

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24
Q

ascribed status

A

the social status of a person that is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life

25
Q

role conflict

A

there is tension among multiple roles that are mutually exclusive

26
Q

role strain

A

there is tension that occurs in one role

27
Q

role exit

A

an individual stops engaging in a role previously central to their identity and begins the process of establishing a new identity

28
Q

primary group

A

a group held together by relationships formed by family and environmental associations, regarded as basic to social life and culture

29
Q

secondary group

A

groups of people who are not related or emotionally connected, yet work together to achieve a common interest, purpose or goal

30
Q

in group

A

an exclusive, typically small, group of people with a shared interest or identity

31
Q

out group

A

consists of anyone who does not belong to your group

32
Q

dyads

A

group of two

33
Q

triad

A

group of three

34
Q

ideal bureaucracy

A

everyone is treated equally and work responsibilities are divided by each team’s areas of expertise

35
Q

iron law of oligarchy

A

all forms of organization, regardless of how democratic they may be at the start, will eventually and inevitably develop oligarchic tendencies, thus making true democracy practically and theoretically impossible, especially in large groups and complex organizations

36
Q

McDonaldization

A

the process of a society adopting the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant

37
Q

expressing and detecting emotion

A

done using facial expression, body posture, gestures, voice tone, and touch

38
Q

gender and emotion

A

differences in emotional expression may be primarily due to cultural expectations of femininity and masculinity

39
Q

front stage self

A

behavior when they know that others are watching

40
Q

back stage self

A

behavior when people aren’t watching

41
Q

verbal communication

A

a type of communication where we use spoken and written words to get our message and information across to the other person

42
Q

nonverbal communication

A

encompasses a diverse range of signals that go beyond spoken language, such as gestures, facial expressions, body language, and vocal nuances like tone and rhythm

43
Q

animal signals and communication

A

animal communication includes visual; auditory, or sound-based; chemical, involving pheromones; or tactile, touch-based, cues

44
Q

attraction

A

the interest in and liking of one individual by another, or the mutual interest and liking between two or more individuals

45
Q

attachment

A

a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space

46
Q

aggression

A

behavior aimed at harming others physically or psychologically

47
Q

social support

A

everyday behaviors that, whether directly or indirectly, communicate to an individual that she or he is valued and cared for by others

48
Q

foraging behavior

A

all the methods by which an organism acquires and utilizes sources of energy and nutrients

49
Q

mating behavior

A

includes mate choice, intrasexual competition for mates, and parental care

50
Q

mate choice

A

evolve when the choosier sex experiences fitness advantages by selecting mates based on particular traits

51
Q

applying game theory

A

game theory is widely applied to study human as well as animal behaviors

52
Q

altruism

A

disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others

53
Q

inclusive fitness

A

a method of measuring evolutionary success

54
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

a sociological perspective that analyzes micro-sociological accounts of everyday social interactions through the analogy of performativity and theatrical dramaturgy, dividing such interactions between “actors”, “audience” members, and various “front” and “back” stages

55
Q

individual discrimination

A

the behavior of individual members of one race/ethnic/gender group that is intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on the members of another race/ethnic/gender group

56
Q

institutional discrimination

A

the behavior of an institution that is intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on the members of another race/ethnic/gender group

57
Q

prejudice

A

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

58
Q

discrimination

A

the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people

MCAT (5 decks)

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