Psychology/Sociology (Concept 10A) Flashcards
spatial inequity
the unequal distribution of resources and services across different areas or locations, such as healthcare, welfare, public services, household income, and infrastructures
residential segregation
the physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods—a form of segregation that sorts population groups into various neighborhood contexts and shapes the living environment at the neighborhood level
environmental justice
the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income concerning the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies
neighborhood safety and violence
neighborhood safety and violence are correlated with social class and economic status
social class
people who possess similar status based on characteristics such as education, wealth, work, income, family, race, and ethnicity
social stratification
a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power
socioeconomic status
an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual’s or family’s access to economic resources and social position in relation to others
class consciousness
the set of beliefs that a person holds regarding their social class or economic rank in society, the structure of their class, and their class interests
false consciousness
a way of thinking that prevents a person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation
cultural capital
the accumulation of knowledge, behaviors, and skills that a person can tap into to demonstrate one’s cultural competence and social status
social capital
a set of shared values or resources that allows individuals to work together in a group to effectively achieve a common purpose
power
the capacity to influence, lead, dominate, or otherwise have an impact on the life and actions of others in society
prestige
the reputation or esteem associated with one’s position in society
privilege
an advantage or entitlement that benefits individuals belonging to certain groups, often to the detriment of others
social reproduction
the reproduction of social structures and systems, mainly based on particular preconditions in demographics, education, and inheritance of material property or legal titles
intersectionality
an analytical framework for understanding how individuals’ various social and political identities result in unique combinations of discrimination and privilege
intergenerational mobility
the extent to which some key characteristics and outcomes of individuals differ from those of their parents in terms of social mobility
intragenerational mobility
social movement within or between social classes and occupations, the change occurring within an individual’s lifetime
vertical mobility
the change in the occupational, political, or religious status of a person that causes a change in their societal position
horizontal mobility
the change of physical space or profession without changes in the economic situation, prestige, and lifestyle of the individual, or the forward or backward movement from one similar group or status to another
meritocracy
the notion of a political system in which economic goods or political power are vested in individual people based on ability and talent, rather than wealth or social class
poverty
the state or condition in which people or communities lack the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living
relative poverty
when households receive 50% less than average household incomes
absolute poverty
severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information
social exclusion
the phenomenon where particular people have no recognition. by, or voice or stake in, the society in which they live
isolation
the absence of social interactions, contacts, and relationships with family and friends, with neighbors on an individual level, and with “society at large” on a broader level
segregation
separating people geographically, residentially, racially, religiously, or by sex based on legal codes, happenstance, voluntary choice, or cultural attitudes
social disorganization theory
a person’s residential location is a substantial factor in shaping that persons likelihood to conduct illegal activities
