Psychology/Sociology (Concept 10A)

Question 1

spatial inequity

Answer 1

the unequal distribution of resources and services across different areas or locations, such as healthcare, welfare, public services, household income, and infrastructures

Question 2

residential segregation

Answer 2

the physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods—a form of segregation that sorts population groups into various neighborhood contexts and shapes the living environment at the neighborhood level

Question 3

environmental justice

Answer 3

the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income concerning the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies

Question 4

neighborhood safety and violence

Answer 4

neighborhood safety and violence are correlated with social class and economic status

Question 5

social class

Answer 5

people who possess similar status based on characteristics such as education, wealth, work, income, family, race, and ethnicity

Question 6

social stratification

Answer 6

a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power

Question 7

socioeconomic status

Answer 7

an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual’s or family’s access to economic resources and social position in relation to others

Question 8

class consciousness

Answer 8

the set of beliefs that a person holds regarding their social class or economic rank in society, the structure of their class, and their class interests

Question 9

false consciousness

Answer 9

a way of thinking that prevents a person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation

Question 10

cultural capital

Answer 10

the accumulation of knowledge, behaviors, and skills that a person can tap into to demonstrate one’s cultural competence and social status

Question 11

social capital

Answer 11

a set of shared values or resources that allows individuals to work together in a group to effectively achieve a common purpose

Question 12

power

Answer 12

the capacity to influence, lead, dominate, or otherwise have an impact on the life and actions of others in society

Question 13

prestige

Answer 13

the reputation or esteem associated with one’s position in society

Question 14

privilege

Answer 14

an advantage or entitlement that benefits individuals belonging to certain groups, often to the detriment of others

Question 15

social reproduction

Answer 15

the reproduction of social structures and systems, mainly based on particular preconditions in demographics, education, and inheritance of material property or legal titles

Question 16

intersectionality

Answer 16

an analytical framework for understanding how individuals’ various social and political identities result in unique combinations of discrimination and privilege

Question 17

intergenerational mobility

Answer 17

the extent to which some key characteristics and outcomes of individuals differ from those of their parents in terms of social mobility

Question 18

intragenerational mobility

Answer 18

social movement within or between social classes and occupations, the change occurring within an individual’s lifetime

Question 19

vertical mobility

Answer 19

the change in the occupational, political, or religious status of a person that causes a change in their societal position

Question 20

horizontal mobility

Answer 20

the change of physical space or profession without changes in the economic situation, prestige, and lifestyle of the individual, or the forward or backward movement from one similar group or status to another

Question 21

meritocracy

Answer 21

the notion of a political system in which economic goods or political power are vested in individual people based on ability and talent, rather than wealth or social class

Question 22

poverty

Answer 22

the state or condition in which people or communities lack the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living

Question 23

relative poverty

Answer 23

when households receive 50% less than average household incomes

Question 24

absolute poverty

Answer 24

severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information

Question 25

social exclusion

Answer 25

the phenomenon where particular people have no recognition. by, or voice or stake in, the society in which they live

Question 26

isolation

Answer 26

the absence of social interactions, contacts, and relationships with family and friends, with neighbors on an individual level, and with “society at large” on a broader level

Question 27

segregation

Answer 27

separating people geographically, residentially, racially, religiously, or by sex based on legal codes, happenstance, voluntary choice, or cultural attitudes

Question 28

social disorganization theory

Answer 28

a person’s residential location is a substantial factor in shaping that persons likelihood to conduct illegal activities