Psychology - Psychological Development (Part 2) Flashcards
Gender Socialization
The process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations associated with being masculine or feminine within their culture.
Gender schemas - the specific beliefs and expectations of what it means to be a boy or girl.
– Developed largely between ages 2-4
Adolescence
Physical changes (puberty)
Cognitive growth
Social/emotional issues
(50% of girls by age 12 say that they frequently feel ugly)
Cognitive Growth
Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage - reason, logic, and abstract thought
Frontal Lobe
- Growth of new circuits
- Loss of old circuits
- Changes in balance of neurotransmitters
= risk-taking, poor decision-making, lack of self-control and responsibility for actions.
Social and Emotional Issues
Erickson - identity and role confusion
Social skills for adulthood formed in adolescence
Peer influence
- much time spent outside of home
- affected by gender
- greater on teens that have bad relationships with their parents (family structure is the strongest link to delinquency in 15-25 yr. old)
Family Structure
- kids with authoritative parents have less social and emotional problems.
More Social and Emotional Issues
Sexual Identity
Self-esteem/body image
Kholberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
- Based on Piaget’s Cognitive Sages
- Stage 1: No concern for others; solely focused on reward/punishment.
- Stage 2: Focus on reciprocity, reward/punishment.
- Stage 3: Goal is to gain social acceptance/avoid disapproval.
- Stage 4: Focus on maintaining social order; goal is to follow rules/avoid penalties.
- Stage 5: Emphasis on fairness; rules and laws are flexible.
- Stage 6: Least egocentric stage; decisions based on universal ethical principles.
Adulthood
- Includes growth and decline
- Erikson’s stages focus on
Intimacy and Isolation
Generativity and Stagnation
Ego Integrity and Despair - Issues in Aging
Vision and hearing loss
Memory loss and mental deterioration
Social/emotional issues
