Psychology - Final Review Flashcards
How we distinguish between normal behavior and behavior that would constitute a disorder
- Distress (to self or others)
- Dysfunction (disorder keeping them from functioning properly)
- Deviance (how does their behavior differ from their social norm?)
How we differentiate between disorders
- Severity of symptoms
- Duration of symptoms
- Degree of impairment
How a diagnosis is made (DSM) and why
DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
We use the DSM so that every psychiatrist is on the same page with the symptoms for certain disorders and how to treat them.
Hallucinations vs. Delusions
- Hallucinations: False sensations (ex: hearing voices, seeing images that are not there)
- Delusions: False beliefs (ex: believing that you are being followed by the CIA)
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Cluster B.
Usually the personality of a serial killer . __.
Lack of moral or ethical development; inability to follow socially acceptable models of behavior; disregard of rights of others; SHAMELESS MANIPULATION of others; behavioral problems as a child; deceitfulness; LACK OF REMORSE or guilt.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cluster B.
Supposedly this disorder began from a Greek story where a man fell in the water because he was looking at himself o .0
Exaggerated sense of self-importance; preoccupation with being admired; LACK OF EMPATHY; OVERESTIMATION OF ABILITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS; unable to see things through another perspective; envious of others and think others are envious of them.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Cluster B.
Marked by EXCESSIVE ATTENTION-SEEKING BEHAVIOR; overly emotional; prone to irritability and EMOTIONAL OUTBURSTS WHEN NOT CENTER OF ATTENTION; theatrical appearance and behavior; SEXUALLY PROVOCATIVE and seductive.
Avoidant Personality Disorder vs. Schizoid
Schizoid people (Cluster A) DO NOT CARE to get close to people. Unable to express feelings. Often seen as loners. Avoidant people (Cluster C) FEEL BAD THAT THEY CANNOT GET CLOSE TO PEOPLE because they are too scared. They often avoid social situations and are lonely.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Cluster B.
Impulsivity; INSTABILITY IN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS and self-image; DRASTIC SHIFTS IN AFFECT (mood); inappropriate anger; intense fear of abandonment; self-destructive behavior such as SELF-MUTILATION.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Cluster C.
EXCESSIVE CONCERN WITH MAINTAINING ORDER, RULES, SCHEDULES, AND TRIVIAL DETAILS; difficulty relaxing and heaving fun; seen as rigid, stubborn, and cold; perfectionistic; inefficient and inflexible.
*Differs from OCD in that individuals with OCPD do not suffer from TRUE obsessions or compulsive rituals or the anxiety that they seek to relieve by performing these.
Dependent Personality Disorder
Cluster C.
DIFFICULTY IN SEPARATING IN RELATIONSHIPS; clinging and SUBMISSIVE behavior; acute fear of separation or being alone; indiscriminate in selecting of mates; indecisive; overlook needs in order to keep others involved in the relationship.
Just in case… Know the following Personality Disorders o .o
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
Cluster A.
Marked by distrust of others and suspiciousness; causes interpersonal difficulties; blame others for mistakes and failures; ON GAURD FOR PERCEIVED ATTACKS BY OTHERS.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster A.
Marked by cognitive and perceptual distortions; excessively introverted; ODD IN COMMUNICATION OR BEHAVIOR; superstitious thinking; SOMETIMES DISPLAY PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS when under stress.
Depression vs. Mania vs. Mixed Episode
- Depression: Feelings of extraordinary SADNESS and dejection.
- Mania: Intense, unrealistic feelings of excitement and EUPHORIA.
- Mixed Episodes: Symptoms of both depression AND mania seen in RAPIDLY ALTERNATING MOODS.
Major Depressive Disorder
PROMINENT AND PERSISTENT depressed mood and/or loss of pleasure for at least 2 weeks with 4 or more of the following symptoms:
- Poor appetite
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Inability to concentrate
- Psychomotor retardation
- Feeling of worthlessness or guilt
- Fatigue
- Thoughts of death or suicide
Dysthymia
Depressed mood for most of the day, more days than not, for at least the past 2 years with at least 2 other depressive symptoms
- Does not have the severity to meet the criteria for major depression
- Average duration is 5 years
- Can last for 20+ years!
tl;dr –> LESS SEVERE, LONGER LASTING FORM OF DEPRESSION.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Recurrent major depression with a seasonal pattern.
- 2 episodes of depression in the past 2 years occuring at the same time of year.
- Remission (time without depressive symptoms) occur at the same time of year as well.
- Most often occurs in fall/winter months when there is less daylight and in areas further from the equator.
Bipolar Disorder
A major depressive episode and one or more manic or hypomanic episodes.
Manic: Abnormally and persistent elevated or irritable mood and 3 or more of the following
- Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- Decreased need for sleep
- More talkative than usual
- Racing thoughts
- Easily distracted
- Increase in goal-directed activity
- Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for negative consequences.
Cyclothymia
Cyclical mood changes that are less severe than the mood swings seen in bipolar disorder.
- Basically dysthymia with hypomanic episodes.
- Hypomanic episodes: just like manic episodes, but without any hallucinations or delusions and is not as severe.
tl;dr –> Bipolar lite
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Excessive anxiety and worry that is hard to control, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months. Common symptoms: - Restlessness - Easily fatigued - Difficulty concentrating - Irritability - Muscle tension - Sleep disturbance
Panic Disorder
The presence of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, followed by at least one month of constant concern about having another panic attack.
Divided into Panic Disorder with and without Agoraphobia.
Agoraphobia: Anxiety about being in places or situations that are difficult to escape from or where it would be difficult to get help in the event of a panic attack. This anxiety leads to avoidance of such situations.
Specific Phobias
Persistent fear of a specific object or situation which is thus avoided.
Level of fear is excessive or unreasonable relative to the actual danger posed by object or situation.
Exposure to the object causes intense anxiety. Types:
- Animal
-Inanimate objects and situations
- Bodily conditions
- Other
Social Phobias
Aka “Social Anxiety Disorder”
Disabling fear of one or more social situations in which a person fears the scrutiny of others that they might act in a way that would be embarrassing. Ex:
- Fear of public speaking, urinating in a public restroom, eating in public, ect.
- These acts can be performed when alone with no anxiety.
- Fear is excessive and situations are avoided.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Recurrent obsessions or compulsions that cause significant distress or impairment.
- Obsessions: Persistent IDEAS, IMPULSES, THOUGHTS, or IMAGES that are seen as INTRUSIVE and inappropriate and cause anxiety (ex: thoughts about contamination or needing objects to be symmetrical)
- Compulsions: REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS or mental acts to reduce anxiety (ex: hand-washing, counting). Done to reduce distress of obsession or to prevent dreaded event from happening.
Obsessions and compulsions are recognized as excessive but the person is unable to ignore or control them.
PTSD
Response to a traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury to oneself or someone else.
Symptoms include:
- Reliving the event through images, thoughts, ect.
- Recurrent nightmares of event.
- Acting or feeling like the event is recurring (can include hallucinations, illusions, flashbacks)
- Intense distress at cues that resemble aspects of event
- Avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma
- Difficulty sleeping
- Irritability or anger
- High arousal/vigilance
- Difficulty concentrating
- Startled easily
Can show up months or years after the traumatic event
