Psychology over time Flashcards
How is Psychology over time shown in social? - Milgram
→ Milgram → no ethics in research e.g. Milgram did not protect participants from psychological harm → Ethical guidelines introduced e.g. Burger
+ Reduction in psych maintains ppt numbers for research
+ Allows us to study socially sensitive Research
- Ethical guidelines reduce scientific status (validity is lowered if we always have consent)
How is Psychology over time shown in social? - Agency Theory
→From this Milgram developed Agency Theory which states obedience to authority figures. During Milgrams early experiments, Milgram observed his participants go through moral dilemmas and experienced an agentic shift where they obeyed the authority figures as they became agents of the authority figure
How is Psychology over time shown in social? - Burger
→ In 2009, Burger replicated Milgram’s study and found that compliance rates in the replication were only slightly lower than those found by Milgram. → This study can be considered more ethical as he made some alterations to the procedure to meet the ethical guidelines.
How is Psychology over time shown in Cognitive? - MSM → WMM/ Tulving
→ MSM → WMM/ Tulving . → Multi Store Model
Our knowledge has changed overtime significantly over time. The MSM stated that is made up of 3 components, sensory memory, STM and LTM. Through attention information passes from
, the information stays in STM.
→ It was useful as it presenters the basic mechanisms in the memory processes such as encoding, storage and retrieval. It shows that memory is split into different stores.
→ But a weakness of MSM is that it can be explained as being too simplistic as an explanation of memory compared to the WMM.
How is Psychology over time shown in Cognitive? - Working Memory Model
→ Working Memory Model → WMM came after MSM and focuses specifically on the working of STM. It shows it is made of 3 components, phonological loop, central executive and the Visuo spatial sketch pad. This was useful as The WMM explains STM in detail whilst the Multi store Model. STM is presented as much simpler. It gives us a good understanding of the structure and the process → therefore has better application unlike the MSM which could be seen as over-simplified. Later a 4th component was introduced. WMM introduced the Episodic Buffer which binds memories together, weaving visual memories and phonological memories into a single episode
How is Psychology over time shown in Cognitive? - Tulvings
→ Tulving’s theory of LTM has also helped to develop our knowledge of memory since the MSM. It was the MSM idea of LTM, but it suggests a difference between episodic memory (which is more personal memories) and semantic memories (which are more like facts e.g. The capital of France is Paris)
How is Psychology over time shown in Cognitive? - Case Studies
→ Case studies such as HM allowed us to identify a 3rd type of LTM, procedural. → Procedural memory is a type of LTM involved in the performance of different of actions and skills. → HM showed the hippocampus is vital for encoding STM into LTM. HM was unable to do this. → However an issue with case studies is that they a harder to generalise to the wider society. Case studies are based on one individual person.
How is Psychology over time shown in Biological? - Charles Whitman
→ Charles Whitman and Brain Structure: When attempting to make inferences about brain structure, physical evidence often came from the autopsies of brains such as Charles Whitman who had an a tumour pressing against his amygdala. → This meant his behaviour changed becoming more aggressive and therefore killed people.
How is Psychology over time shown in Biological? - Freud Psychodynamic theory
→ Freud Psychodynamic theory : Some of the earliest evidence regarding brain areas and our personality development came from Freudian theories. Freud’s theory suggested that human behaviour is influenced by unconcious memories, thoughts and urges. It was comprised of three parts, the id, ego and supergo. → However, an issue with Freud’s psychodynamic theory is that it focused more on psychosexual development offering very little insight into females.
How is Psychology over time shown in Biological? - Brain Scanning Techniques
→ Brain scanning techniques - However, modern day advances in technology now allow us to study the live brain. PET scans were first developed in 1974. Pet scans use a radioactive substance called a tracer to look for injury in the brain. A PET scan shows how the brain and tissues work. → PET scans are useful for looking at active areas of the brains which shows up in red in the normal patient but shows up in blue in patients with low activity in the brain. → However an issue with PET scans is that radiation that used can be harmful. Especially to patients who may have a pacemaker.
How is Psychology over time shown in Learning? - Pavlov
→ Pavlov - Knowledge about classical conditioning has developed since Pavlov’s research in 1897. Pavlov found when he paired two unrelated stimuli such as a mentrome and food, the dogs learned to salivate when presented with the mentrome. → However, an issue with his research was that researchers found that such training appears to block efforts to teach the animals to link other stimuli to the same reward
How is Psychology over time shown in Learning? - Watson and Rayner
→ In 1920, Watson and Rayner (1920) tested the conditioning of phobias. They concluded that they has successfully conditioned Albert to fear the white rat and that is fear response generalised to other white furry things. → Since then, research such as Capafons (1998) has allowed for modern day applications such as system desensitization for the fear of flying. This shows that it is an effeactive treatment for phobis.
How is Psychology over time shown in Learning? - Lab Research
→ Lab research such as those mentioned above can be considered valid because the conditons measured can be replicated. Variables are controlled as the research is done in controlled, artifical settings. * ADD MORE TO THIS *
