Culture and Gender

Question 1

Explain which side of the debate the key assumptions are in - SOCIAL

Answer 1

Social psychology theories explain behaviour as due to social circumstance so and forces which are not affected by gender. → Social Impact theory

Question 2

Explain which side if the theories/explanations are in - SOCIAL

Answer 2

Social Impact Theory - presents the idea that discrimination and prejudice is determined by social identity which is formed through social categorisation, social identification and social comparison. → However social impact theory does not take into account the cultural differences

Question 3

Which side of the debate do the findings of the classic study/theory support - gender - SOCIAL

Answer 3

Burger et al - Burger that women were more reluctant to continue than men in the modelled refusal conditions. The results were not statistically significant, but a difference between gender was highlighted through Burger’s repliction of Milgram’s study of obedience → supports the idea that gender may hold an influence over behaviour. males: 72% obedient, females: 66.7% obedient

Question 4

Which side of the debate do the findings of the classic study/theory support - culture - SOCIAL

Answer 4

Social Impact Theory - presents the idea that discrimination and prejudice is determined by your social identity which is formed through social categorization, social identification and social comparison. However SIT does not take cultural influence behaviour as seen by Wetherall’s study.

Question 5

Which side of the debate do not support gender - SOCIAL

Answer 5

Sherif et al - displays beta bias as the sample consisted of men → study is androcentric (22 males). → Researchers assumed that the findings from the male participants could be equally applied to females showing gender may have no effect on behaviour as sherif ignored the differences between males and females. → He assumed they would display similar results

Question 6

Which side of the debate do not support culture - SOCIAL

Answer 6

Social Impact Theory - reudctionist theory so it does not take into account dispositional or biological factors into account. → Suggests other factors that are not accounted for are causing different conclusions in different cultures, therefore culuture is not an influencing behaviour.

Question 7

Explain which side of the debate the key assumptions are in - COGNITIVE

Answer 7

Memory → Relies on schemas we accquire through our environment

Question 8

Explain which side if the theories/explanations are in - COGNITIVE

Question 9

Which side of the debate do the findings of the classic study/theory support - gender - COGNITIVE

Answer 9

Baddeley et al - did not report the findings of the study from men and women separately so there could have been beta bias → suggested gender difference were not investigated

Question 10

Which side of the debate do not support gender - COGNITVE

Answer 10

Bartlett - investigated how memory of a story is affected by previous knowledge → chose an culturally unfamiliar story that lacked order, the dramatic imagining would encourage visual imaging and the conclusion would be supernatural→ ethnocentric as 20 British participants

Question 11

Which side of the debate do not support culture - COGNITIVE

Answer 11

Baddeley et al - men and women do not process memory differently → findings of STM and LTM are unlikely to suffer gender differences.

Question 12

Explain which side of the debate the key assumptions are in - LEARNING

Answer 12

Learning theories are based on the role of nurture rather than nature. Therefore, different cultures will have different experiences that impact on developing humans: → specific behaviours that are familiar to a culture that will be observed. → Principles of reinforcement patterns in various cultures determine what is learnt.

Question 13

Which side of the debate do the findings of the classic study/theory support - gender - LEARNING

Answer 13

Watson and Rayner - Gender bias as the sample was androcentric and on one little boy so Albert’s learnt phobia may be harder to apply to females - they did not compare the results to a female infant to see if they would react in the same way. → Beta bias as the theory ignores sex differences as the researcher assumed the findings would apply for both males and females

Question 14

Which side of the debate do the findings of the classic study/theory support - culture - LEARNING

Answer 14

Watson and Rayner: culturally biased as ethnocentric study done on our participants who was an American boy → carried from a perspective of an american individual. Example, one of the conditions had a santa mask which us not relevant to all cultures that celebrate christmas.

Question 15

Which side of the debate do not support gender - LEARNING

Question 16

Which side of the debate do not support culture - LEARNING

Answer 16

When study is described as universal it means it can apply to all people, irrespective of gender and culture. However, this also means that it needs to include real differences

Question 17

Explain which side of the debate the key assumptions are in - BIOLOGICAL

Answer 17

Hormonal differences between males and females may influence bheaviour such as aggression

Question 18

Which side of the debate do the findings of the classic study/theory support - gender -BIOLOGICAL

Answer 18

→ Males are more likely to be aggressive due to testosterone levels .

Question 19

Which side of the debate do the findings of the classic study/theory support - culture- BIOLOGICAL

Answer 19

No cultural issues as it tends to focus on genetics rather than environmental factors

Question 20

Which side of the debate do not support culture - BIOLOGICAL

Answer 20

No cultural issues as it tends to focus on genetics rather than environmental factors
→ Brendgen et al(2005) found no differences between boys and girls when they looked at genetic and environmental contributions relating to physical and social aggression

Question 21

Explain which side of the debate the key assumptions are in - CLINICAL

Answer 21

Cultural differences in diagnostic practices causing bias in diagnosis and invalid treatments. → There are differences between users of the ICD and DSM.

Question 22

Which side of the debate do the findings of the classic study/theory support - gender - CLINICAL

Answer 22

Rosehan et al 0 8 ppts, 5 men and 3 women however is reflective of schizophrenia population

Question 23

Which side of the debate do the findings of the classic study/theory support - culture - CLINICAL

Answer 23

Rosehan → Only in indivualistic country of america and all pseudo patients from a western background. → Schizophrenia symptoms like hearing voices is deemed abnormal in western cultures (America) but in other cultures its normal to hear voices of dead ones while grieving. → Cultural relativism is not taken into account.

Question 24

Explain which side of the debate the key assumptions are in - CLINICAL

Answer 24

There are issues surrounding the characteristics including race and gender of defendants and the accused which affect the decision making of the jury court. This can result in a biased judgment being made.