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Chemistry Units 2- 3 > Psychology midterm review > Flashcards

Psychology midterm review Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology definition

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental process

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2
Q

What are the goals of psychology

A

theory and research- understanding human behavior, when how and why it happens, and predict it before it happens
Application and intervention- to apply said knowledge to hopefully better peoples lives ( therapists

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3
Q

Who were the roots?

A

Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, and Hippocrates who all asked questions about the mind

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4
Q

Nature vs Nurture debate explained

A

Questions whether human capabilities are taught or innate.

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5
Q

scientific psychology

A

the idea arrived around the 19th century by Wilhelm Wundt and had the idea was that mind and behavior could be the subject of scientific analysis focused on senses( vision attention and emotion)

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6
Q

Structuralism vs Functionalism

A

Titchener introduced structuralism which by definition is the analysis of mental structures (the mind structure)

William James introduced how mental and behavioral process functions and functionalism and how the mind works to enable organism to adapt and function in its environment

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7
Q

gestalt psychology

A

formed around 1912 in Germany and and it means form ( Kohler, Koffka) what we actually see is related which is related to the background and which an object appears as well as to other aspects of the overall patterns of stimulus.

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8
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

is both a theory of personality and a method psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud in the 20th century. the unconscious that influences constantly our thoughts feelings and actions ( dreams, slip of the tongue)

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9
Q

Contemporary psychological
perspectives

A

each offers a different account on WHY individuals act the way they do.
- A Psychological perspective is an approach, a way of lookingat topics within psychology.

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10
Q

what are the types of Phycological perspectives

A
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive
  • Biological
  • subjective
  • psychoanalytic
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11
Q

What are the subfields of psychology

A

Clinical and concealing (metal treating), Developmental, social, school and educational, organizational and industrial, health, neuropsychology, cognitive, experimental, forensic and sports and positive psychology

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12
Q

Scientific theory and hypothesis

A

sets of facts and relationships between facts and based on observations (ST)
proposed explanation for a situation, educated guess

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13
Q

research in psychology

A

Basic research( aims to increase knowledge) and applied research ( aims to solve problems

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14
Q

Quantitative research

A

more precise, uses numbers, random sampling method, conclusive approach

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15
Q

Qualitative research

A

make use of non numerical data, draws generalizations, statistical procedures, conducted in a natural setting

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16
Q

case studies

A

indirect observation; partial biography of an individual, in depth analysis of special individuals. Limitation it relies on a persons memory

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17
Q

direct observation

A

observing a phenomenon as it happens naturally

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18
Q

survey method

A

give people a survey and ask them if they participate in the behavior , get opinions and attitudes towards certain things ( for a large number of data)

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19
Q

literature review

A

scholarly summary of the existing body of research on a given topic

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20
Q

meta analysis

A

using a statistical technique to draw conclusions from a group of studies previously conducted

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21
Q

Experiments

A

provides the strongest test of a hypothesis about cause and effect. Independent variable is the thing that changes, Dependent variable is the effect measured by the change.

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22
Q

Double blind procedure

A

Both researches and participants are oblivious about if they were given the procedure or not

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23
Q

Control group

A

the group in which the hypothesized cause is not present

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24
Q

experimental group

A

The group in which the hypothesized cause is present

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25
Q

Random assignment

A

The participants could be put into either the control or experimental group at random prevents bias)

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26
Q

The placebo effect

A

the effect of behavior caused by an inert substance where the participant thinks he or she was given the real thing (active agent)

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27
Q

What does the r coefficient represent

A

between -1 to 1, 1 meaning a strong relationship

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28
Q

Ethics in Psych

A

minimal risk, content, right to privacy and debrief

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29
Q

5 experiments that could not be done today

A

little Albert (conditioning of a baby)
the monster study (stutter)
the milgram experiment ( shocking test)
the bystander effect
the Stanford prison effect

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30
Q

Nervous system

A

a physical system that consists of biological cells that communicate with one another

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31
Q

CNS

A

The brain and the spinal chord Affernt nerves carry signals to here

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32
Q

PNS

A

the rest of the neural tissue, somatic system which controls the skeletal muscles, efferent nerves carry signals from the CNS to the rest of the body

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33
Q

Building block of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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34
Q

Neurons do what?

A

cells that transmits neural impulses or manages the other neurons

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35
Q

What are neurons made up of

A

nucleus ( contains DNA)
soma ( body of a neuron)
dendrits(project from the body)
axon(transmits these messages to other neurons)
synapses- the junction between neurons
Myeline steth- protective covering

36
Q

Types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

37
Q

sensory neurons

A

transmits receptors from the CNS; physical and chemical changes

38
Q

motor neurons

A

carrying outgoing signals from the CNS to muscles and glands

39
Q

Interneurons

A

connect sensory and motor neurons and
are found only in the CNS and in the eyes.

40
Q

Glial cells

A

supports the billions of nerve cells, gives nutrience and insulates myelin, guides neural connection, play a role in learning and thinking

41
Q

Action potential

A

an electrochemical impulse (information) that travels
from the cell body down to the end of the axon.

42
Q

Ion channels

A

doughnut-shaped protein molecules that form pores across the cell membrane.

43
Q

Ion pumps

A

protein structures that help maintain uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane by pumping in or out of the cell

44
Q

Depolarization

A

raises the resting potential over the threshold causing a chain effect

45
Q

refractory period

A

action potential travels one way

46
Q

The parts of the brain

A

Central core- most primitive behaviors
Limbic system- controls our emotions
cerebral cortex- regulates our higher intellectual process

47
Q

cerebral cortex

A

is the biggest part of the brain and and comprises neurons connected by the synapses

48
Q

What are the two hemispheres of the brain connected by

A

corpus callosum

49
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Always bigger, the ability to express ourselves in language, performs logical and mathematical things

50
Q

Right hemisphere

A

contains long neural fibers that connect to Dif side of the brain; pattern sense, constructing perspective drawing

51
Q

Peripheral nervous sytem

A

outside the brain and spinal cords, controls smooth muscles like the blood vessels and heart; it controls self regulated things like digestion that even happened when we sleep

52
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

typically active during times of intense arousal and activated during emergencies

53
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

associated with rest and restores the body after the activation of the sympathetic system

54
Q

How do we map our brain

A

CT scans or MRIs or functional brain imaging

55
Q

Prenatal

A

1st stage; in the mothers womb

56
Q

Human development

A

takes place in stages; changes in physical, psychological and social behaviors that are experienced by individuals across the life span

57
Q

Infancy and toddlerhood

A

2nd stage and it happens at ages birth-2 yrs dramatic changes in the body and brain support

58
Q

Early childhood

A

3rd stage 2-6yrs; motor skills are redefined and language expands

59
Q

middle childhood

A

4th stage 6-11yrs; advancement in athletic abilities, logical thought and basic literary skills

60
Q

adolescence

A

5th stage 11-18yrs; puberty hits, defining personal values and goals, and sexual maturity

61
Q

Early adulthood

A

6th stage 18-40yrs; establishing their life(relationships, housing, work)

62
Q

Middle adulthood

A

7ths stage ( 40-65yrs); very accomplished, help children with their lives, become aware of their morality

63
Q

Last adulthood

A

8th stage (65yrs- death); decreased physical strength and health.

64
Q

socialization

A

an individual becomes a member of a particular culture and takes on its values and behaviors

65
Q

Parents expect what

A

their child to acquire particular characteristics at a certain age; differ among parents

66
Q

temperament

A

a biological based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth
Easy temp- adaptive and not intense
difficult temp- intense and irregular

67
Q

Attachment

A

the bond formed with an infant and their care giver; infants engage in behavior to ensure adult attention

68
Q

secure attachment style

A

a child can explore confidently and return to the caregiver for reassurance

69
Q

permissive parenting style

A

High love, low limits; parents have a hard time setting limits and are often inconsistent; want their children to like them

69
Q

insecure ambivalent attachment style

A

less desirable for the child, unsure of their response could either seek or shun her attention

70
Q

insecure avoidant attachment style

A

many avoid parents typically the mothers of these children are overestimating

70
Q

uninvolved parenting style

A

Low love and limits; lacks emotional involvement and lacks caring feelings,

71
Q

What is authoritarian parent style

A

value obedience, structure and respect; hierarchy in the family; typical punishment is spanking; low love hight limits

72
Q

AUTHORITATIVE parenting style

A

High love and limits; children learn how to take responsibility, and respond to change, better equipped

73
Q

why do we study cognitive development

A

to understand who children Aquire knowledge

73
Q

Cognitive development

A

development of cognitive process like thinking, memory, perception, and language

73
Q

OBSERVATIONAL research vs experimental design

A

children are studied in a naturalistic setting like home or school

74
Q

Observational research vs EXPERIMENTAL design

A

the type of design used in a study depending on the nature of the research

74
Q

themes of cognitive development

A

nature vs nurture, does knowledge come in stages or continuous, domain general vs domain specific

75
Q

What was Piagets theory

A

humans progress through developmental stages

75
Q

Assimilation

A

the process by which new
experiences are incorporated into existing conceptual
structures

76
Q

accommodation

A

cognitive structure is developed by new experiences

76
Q

Piagets stages of development

A

Stage 1: Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)
Stage 2: Pre-operational stage (2-7 years)
Stage 3: Concrete operational stage (7-11 years)
Stage 4: Formal operational stage (11 + years

77
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

what a child can do on his own or what he can do with help

78
Q

Vygotsky

A

environment plays a key role in development

79
Q

Chomsky langage acquisition devise

A

children have an innate system of language learning

Chemistry Units 2- 3 (4 decks)

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