Bio exam weeks 1-5 Flashcards
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What is the definition of Deductive reasoning?
uses general principal of law to forecast specific results
What is the definition of inductive reasoning
uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion
Who was the father of the scientific method
Francis bacon
What is the order of the scientific method
Observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, and conclusion.
Who created the theory of spontaneous generation
Aristotle
Who proved spontaneous generation wrong
Louis Pasteur ( life comes from life)
What are the characteristics all life on earth has?
1.) Order ( has cells)
2.) Response to stimuli (Plants moving towards the light)
3.) Reproduction
4.) Adaptation(can change accordingly to their environment)
5.) Growth and Development (will grow up similar to how their parents did physically)
6.) Regulation/ can maintain homeostasis (can maintain internal conditions no matter the environment)
7.) Energy Processing (convert light to energy or food)
8.) Evolution (able to keep up with natural selection)
When was the scientific method created
seventeenth century
The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of “living” is the
The cell
Francesco Redis experiment did what?
He had three jars with meat inside, one was uncovered and the others were, the ones that were covered had no maggots on it and the one that was not did. It was refuted by many
Why was John Needham experiment proved wrong
His experiment was set up correctly but his broth was not boiled all the way, which in turn did not kill all the microorganisms.
What is the order of an organism
molecule, cell organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, Population, Community, ecosystem, biosphere
what is the stimulus for bacteria to move towards and away from chemicals and light
Light- Phototaxis
Chemicals- chemotaxis
What is a buffer
A solution that slows down the reaction/ resist a reaction so we can see it in real time
Are viruses living?
No viruses are not living because:
- they do not produce energy(metabolize)
- cannot produce cells
- cannot survive without a host
What are viruses?
inert packages on DNA or RNA
Where did viruses come from
There are 3 hypothesis
- escape = genetic element that gained the ability to move between cells
- reduction = ruminate relics of cellular organisms
- virus first = completely not logical but states viruses pre date or coevolved with their host
what are the two types of organelles
Membrane bases (Eukaryotic) and not ( prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells)
what are the five kingdoms of life
Plants, animals, protists, fungi, monera
What are the tree domains of life
After sequencing ribosomal RNA genes Carl Woese depicted Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
What is matter?
Any substance that occupies space and has mass
What is an element
a chemical that’s physical properties cannot be broken down
What is the smallest unit of matter
An atom
what is the mass of protons and neutrons because it is the same
1.67 x 10 -24 grams (which is the atomic mass)
Electrons are…
negatively charges particles and much smaller than protons and neutrons, the mass is 9.11 10^-28
What are quarks and the types
Quarks make up big molecules like protons and are the fundamental building blocks of matter
the types are : Up, down, Charm, strange, top, bottom
What is the difference between and ion and isotopes
Ion- has gained or lost an electron
Isotopes- have different number of protons to neutrons ( naturally occurring isotopes are uranium carbon and potassium)
Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 have…
12- 6P, 6E, 6N= mass of 12
14- 6P, 8N = mass of 14
Antisepsis definition
The use of antiseptics to kill the germs that cause infection, mainly used in surgery, created by Joseph lister
Some isotopes try to obtain…
a more stable atomic configuration by emitting P,N,E, this is called radioisotopes;
Radioactive decay definition and example
unstable atom nucleus releases radiation, an example would be carbon 14 back into N 14
Beta decay
Is the process when an organism dies with carbon 14 and naturally decays into N14 The half life of C14 is 5730
Carbon 14 dating explained
carbon is already present in the atmosphere and the suns cosmic rays collide with free roaming atoms to create an excited neutron–> the excited neutron then collides with atmospheric N14 causing a proton to be kicked out and the Neutron replacing it. Carbon dioxide is created
How is the period table created
By grouping the elements together given their chemical properties;
Neils Bohr created
an early model of an atom which depict electrons a different orbitals gradually getting further from the nucleus, between the orbitals the electrons have energy levels or energy shells
What are molecules
two or more atoms that come together and forma chemical bond
how do atoms form bonds
by taking sharing or giving their electrons
ionic bond
a bond that happens between opposite charges to achieve the most stable electron configuration
What is a covalent bond
a bond that happens wen elements share an electron, this bond is more stable and common; has two types polar (unequally share electrons)and non polar
the presence of a polar covalent bond…( finish the sentence )
does not always mean its a polar structure molecule
What are some of water special properties
- has high heat capacity and heat vaporization
- ability so dissolve polar molecules
- cohesive and adhesive properties
- dissociation into ions
WATER IS AN IONIC SOLVENT
What is disassociation
when atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules to form molecules
mummification steps and process
-removal and preservation of internal organs beside the heart
- body preserved with natron, caused rapid dissection of fats (prevents decomposition)
- natron bath lasted 40 days
- after they filled the cavities with linen, herbs, sand and sawdust
- wrapped in bandages with resin
- Myrrh, cinnamon, frankincense, cassia, mastic resin, and even onions to preserve the body
- whole process took 2 and a half months
Carbon atoms have what
an incomplete electron shell
what chemical elements are carbohydrates composed of
C-H-O
how many bonds can carbon have
4
hydrocarbons
organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogens
- they contain a lot of energy and release when heated(oxidized)
what prefixes are referred to when you have a carbon on carbon bond
ane, ene, yne
isomers
compounds with the same formula but different structures that lead to different properties
functional groups
groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules
- find them along the carbon backbone of macromolecules
biological macromolecules
large molecules that are built from smaller organic (contains carbon) molecules
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
proteins
lipids
dehydration synthesis
bonding while loosing water
- monomers release water molecules as a byproduct
- monomers make polymers through covelent bonding
Hydrolysis
Polymers break down into monomers
- inserting water molecules across the bond
- a polymer breaks into two parts H+ and OH-(hydroxyl)
Carbohydrates
main part of our diet
grains, fruits, vegetables, natural sources( glucose)
Monosaccharides
ose ending
simple sugar
if ones has an aldehyde group it aldose and keytone group its ketone
Disaccarides
two simple sugars connected glucose + fructose
Reducing sugars
They can donate electrons to other compounds and cause the reduction of other compounds
- Contain free aldehyde and ketone groups
- all Monosaccharides
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis: the breakdown of glucose
Glycogenesis: the formation of glycogen
Glycogenolysis: the breakdown of glycogen
How do plants store sugars
as starch
Plants can synthesize glucose, and they store the excess glucose, beyond their immediate energy needs, as starch in different plant parts, including roots and seeds.
glycogen
is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates and is comprised of monomers of glucose.
cellulose
makes up plants cell wall
- can only be digested or broken down by cellulose
Lipids
most concentrated form of energy
- insoluble in water but soluble in organic compounds
- small molecules
- diverse group
- typically non polar
Triglycerides
Lipid used for long term energy storage
glycol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains
saturated or not
Started vs unsaturated
S- structure has maximum number of hydrogens, found in animal foods( coconuts, palm oil)
US- at least one double bond and less hydrogens(Beneficial fats bc improves blood cholesterol level, room temp liquid, fish, grains, avocados)
In watery solutions lipids from what?
Micelle a circle with hydrophilic heads on the outside or in bilayer membrane
cholesterol
most common steroid
- necessary for the body to function properly
- transported through blood
- LDL(bad) HDL(good)
difference in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
.1 to 5um in diameer for prokaryotic
10 to 100 um
Prokaryotic cells
Pro- old karyon- nucleus
- no nucleus
- mostly single celled
- peptidoglycan in their walls
- any waste products can quickly diffuse due to its small size
Eukaryotic cells
Eu- new Karyon- nucleus
- advance type of cell
- has a defined nucleus
Yersinia pestis case
The plague came from this bacteria
- bacteria is found mainly in the rats and fleas that feed on them
- primarily effects rodents and is transmitted to other mammals
- its causes bubonic –> pneumonic—> septicemic plague
Proteins
One of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and has the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules
- may serve in transport, storage or membrane
- each cell in the living system could contain thousands of proteins
- amino acid polymers
Amino acids
we get them from our diet
- for each acid the r group is different
- conditional amino acids are usually not essential except in times of illness
- The sequence and the number of amino acids ultimately determine the protein’s shape, size, and function
shapes of proteins
Primary structure- Amino acids unique sequence in a polypeptide chain
Secondary structure- The local folding of the polypeptide in some regions gives rise to the secondary structure of the protein
Tertiary structure- This structure is in part due to chemical interactions are work on the polypeptide chain
Quaternary structure- Some proteins form from several polypeptides, or subunits, and the interaction of these subunits forms the
Collegen is…
the most abundant protein in your body
30% of the proteins in your body
Primary building block of your body’s skin, muscles, bones, tendons and ligaments and other connective tissues
Also found in organs, blood vessels and intestinal lining
