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Psychology 1101 > Psychology Midterm (2) - Chapter 6.1 and 6.2 > Flashcards

Psychology Midterm (2) - Chapter 6.1 and 6.2 Flashcards

1
Q

State of Consciousness

A

We are aware of the environment around us, being aware of ourselves, thoughts, feelings behaviors and bodies/ sensations we are experiencing in them

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2
Q

State of Consciousness: 2 Components

A

Content: What is on your mind at the very moment

States: Different degrees of energy

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3
Q

State of Consciousness: Dual Processing

A

Process info at 2 different levels

Conscious level: Information is processed very slow and one piece at a time, first step has to end to process the other step

Unconscious level: Information is processed very fast.

Brain is unconscious and can process multiple and different pieces of information.

This is known as parallel

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4
Q

State of Consciousness: Blindsight

A

Consciously blind: unconsciously process visual information and have some vision

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5
Q

State of Consciousness: Subliminal stimulation

A

Exposed to a stimulus, information enters in the brain but never reaches consciousness, it stays unconscious

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6
Q

State of Consciousness: Subconscious processing (priming)

A

Exposed to a stimulus which is conscious, however, we are not aware that it is unconsciously activating our brain, and memories associated with it.

The activated association can influence our behaviours

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7
Q

State of Consciousness: Split-brain patients

A

Severe epilepsy

In a split brain, hemispheres do not communicate, therefore, when The LH gets an image the other won’t know about it

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8
Q

Information sent to Right Visual Field goes to:

A

Left Hemisphere

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9
Q

Information sent to the Left Visual Field goes to:

A

Right Hemisphere

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10
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Language and Controls Right body

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11
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Controls Left body

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12
Q

Where does consciousness come from?

A

Depends on who you ask.
Science says that it is the brain which creates consciousness

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13
Q

How is consciousness formed

A

No answer

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14
Q

Attention: Definition

A

complex mental processes, which allows us to focus on the stimulation around us & the information and memories are found in the brain

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15
Q

Attention: Value

A

Highly adapted and essential for survival

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16
Q

Selective Attention:

A

Focus on one object of interest and leave the rest

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17
Q

Inhibition Attention:

A

Research says that our brain will actively inhibit one information from processing other information

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18
Q

Disconnected Attention:

A

Ex: Cocktail party effect, in a party when you’re having a conversation, you will pick up the noise when someone calls your name

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19
Q

Attention: Dichotic listening

A

Used to study selective attention

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20
Q

Corteen and Wood (1972) Experiment

A

Experiment to see the degree to which unattended information is processed.

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21
Q

Passive Attention (bottom-up)

A

Stimulus in the environment which captures our attention

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22
Q

Active Attention (Top-down)

A

Consciously choose to pay attention to our goals

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23
Q

Attention Blindness type: Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice the existence of stimulus which is seen in the visual field

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24
Q

Attention Blindness type: Change blindness

A

Failure to notice a change in stimulus to which we are engaged with

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25
Attention Blindness type: Intentional change detection
Hard time detecting the change
26
Divided attention: Multitasking
Consciousness does not multitask Visual areas become less active when we do activities at the same time
27
Visual neglect Damage on right side of hemisphere
Perceive only a portion of the visual field, the other portion is gone from our awareness, it does not exist If there is damage in the right hemisphere, the visual neglect is more severe Research says that consciously they have visual neglect but unconsciously they are aware of some parts of the visual field
28
Mental (imagination)
When you imagine something you experience visual neglect
29
Psychoactive drugs
Drugs which influence and affect the functioning of the brain
30
How is the synapse affected by drugs?
Drugs produce their effects at the level of the synapse
31
How is dopamine affected by drugs?
Most street drugs enhances dopamine which activates the pleasure pathways
32
Tolerance The effect of drugs
When we use and abuse a drug, we develop tolerance We need to consume more of the drug to have the effect
33
Tolerance: Neuroadaptation The brain ... The liver...
example of neurotransplicity: brain changes itself in response to the drug the brain may stop making a neurotransmitter and shut down some receptors The liver becomes better at breaking down alcohol when you drink alcohol so that less of it reaches the brain. So the impact is bigger when someone starts drinking VS someone who drinks daily since the liver accommodates.
34
What occur when you stop taking drugs?
When you stop taking a drug, person can experience uncomfortable symptoms
35
Drug: Dependence Physical Psychological
Experienced when a person is dependent on the drug Physical: needed to function normally Psychological: we miss the drug and want it
36
Drug: Expectations
Drugs do not depend on the biochemistry of the drug or the body, other factors play
37
When we use drugs it feels like:
Heaven to Hell
38
3 types of Drugs
Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens
39
Depressants 3 types
Psychoactive drug which decreases the activity of the nervous system Alcohol & Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
40
Effects of low doses of Alcohol
Relaxing Decreased tension & inhibitions Impairs concentration Slows reflexes Impairs reaction time Reduces coordination IMPAIRS JUDGMENT
41
Effects of medium doses of Alcohol
Further impairment of judgement Slurred speech Drowsiness
42
Effects of high doses of Alcohol
Vomiting Breathing difficulties Unconsciousness Coma Death
43
FAS and its effects
Fetal alcohol syndrome Small eye-opening Smooth philtrum Thin upper lip
44
Drugs effect on Sexuality
Drink desires but takes away performance
45
Organs damaged by alcohol
Liver, heart, stomach and more
46
Neurotransmitters affect on Drugs: GABA: Dopamine: Endorphins: Glutamate:
GABA: Agonist (Drug which increases neurotransmitter activity) Dopamine: Agonist Endorphins: Agonist Glutamate: Antagonist (Drug which decreases neurotransmitter activity)
47
Drug shrinks which part of the brain?
Frontal lob & Hippocampus
48
Depressant Drug: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines: Highly addictive, Known as tranquilizers Barbiturates: More addictive, More powerful, Known as downers These are powerful depressants
49
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines Low Doses
Relaxation, moderate euphoria, decreased inhibition
50
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines Medium Doses
Impaired judgement/mental functioning, decreased reaction time, loss of coordination, depressed mood
51
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines High Doses
Loss of consciousness, coma and even death
52
How do Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines GABA produce their effects?
Produce their effects by agonizing it.
53
Stimulants and its effects
Psychoactive drugs which increase the activity of the nervous system Lethal addictive effects Ex: Caffeine There are 3 types
54
Stimulant: Nicotine (Smoking)
damages the DNA, contains many carcinogens (infers with the body's ability to get rid of cancer cells)
55
Nicotine Increases
life expectancy
56
What type of disease is nicotine associated with?
Pediatric disease: smokers start smoking as an adolescent
57
Why don’t they stop consuming Nicotine ?
It is highly addictive
58
Neurotransmitters which enhance Nicotine?
Acetylcholine: memory and learning Norepinephrine: good mood Dopamine: pleasure molecule
59
Nicotine: Dual-effect
Dual effect on the brain Smoking cigarettes calms us down and also perks you up when your sluggish
60
long term effects due to the use of nicotine on acetylcholine? Example:
Acetylcholine plays a key role in the adaptative cellular processes leading to addiction. Ex: Neuroadaption
61
Stimulant: Cocaine
Experience: high motivation Enhances: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin Blocks: reputake
62
How many minutes of pleasure does Cocaine give?
15-30 minutes
63
Anti Depressants
help with chronic permanent depression
64
Formication
consuming drugs makes us feel like bugs are crawling under our skin, so we start picking our skin
65
Stereotypic behaviours
Senses behaviours which are repeated over and over again
66
Psychotic episodes
Lose touch with reality and become per annoyed, end up being violent and aggressive
67
Cocaine and Death
Cocaine interferes with the functioning of the heart
68
Amphetamines: Type of Drug
Stimulants
69
What neurotransmitters do Amphetamines affect?
Dopamine
70
Amphetamines, agonize or antagonize?
Agonize dopamine
71
How to Amphetamines Agonize Dopamine?
They prevent, reuptake and stimulate the release of dopamine from the terminal buttons
72
Electroencephalograms (EEGs)
measures activity along the surface of the cortex
73
Electrooculogram
measure the movement of eyes as you sleep
74
Electromyograms
measure the tension in the muscles of the jaw
75
Stage 1 of sleep
alpha-theta waves (3.5 - 7.5 Hz) Stage 1 is very light stage of sleep if startled or awoken, most people say that they were not even sleeping.
76
Stage 2 sleep:
theta waves K complexes (1x/min) sleep spindles (2-5x/min) both are bursts of activity
77
Slow wave sleep;
Delta Waves Slow-wave sleep is typically referred to as the deepest stage of sleep. Only a strong stimulus will wake you, and you will feel groggy and confused upon waking
78
Wakefullness
Alpha waves
79
Sleep-wake cycle: Hormones
Melatonin
80
Sleep-wake cycle: Structures
Overactive hippocampus, brainstem and basal forebrain
81
Insomnia
the inability to fall asleep or the inability to remain asleep. Subjectively, people report the sensation that they cannot “turn their brain off” and rest
82
What areas of the brain are particularly affected by alcohol antagonizing glutamate?
Hippocampus
83
What does that lead to?
Memory loss on nights of heavy drinking
84
What are the effects of long term use of nicotine on acetylcholine?
Nicotine reduces overall levels of acetylcholine in the brain (This is an example of neuroadaptation)
85
Hallucinogens
Known as Psychedelics Produces effect on consciousness it affects emotions, sensations, perceptions, behaviours and motivations. It is Mind-manifesting and Mind-expanding
86
Hallucinogens: LSD (Synthetic)
Effects are unpredictable, some effects are: Physically cold Emotionally unstable Left our bodies and see ourselves floating
87
Serotonin:
neurotransmitter which is involved with in mood
88
Which area of the brain seems particularly affected by LSD?
Thalamus
89
Marijuana (Natural)
mild hallucinogen
90
Active ingredient of Marijuana
Tetrahydrocannabinol: molecules go to the brain and attach to the cannabinoid receptors
91
Cannabinoid receptors:
found all over the brain
92
Neurotransmitters which is affected by Marijuana?
GABA, Anandamide and others When GABA is active, it inhibits the release of dopamine

Psychology 1101 (6 decks)

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