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Psychology 1101 > Psychology Midterm (2) - Chapter 6.1 and 6.2 > Flashcards

Psychology Midterm (2) - Chapter 6.1 and 6.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

State of Consciousness

A

We are aware of the environment around us, being aware of ourselves, thoughts, feelings behaviors and bodies/ sensations we are experiencing in them

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2
Q

State of Consciousness: 2 Components

A

Content: What is on your mind at the very moment

States: Different degrees of energy

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3
Q

State of Consciousness: Dual Processing

A

Process info at 2 different levels

Conscious level: Information is processed very slow and one piece at a time, first step has to end to process the other step

Unconscious level: Information is processed very fast.

Brain is unconscious and can process multiple and different pieces of information.

This is known as parallel

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4
Q

State of Consciousness: Blindsight

A

Consciously blind: unconsciously process visual information and have some vision

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5
Q

State of Consciousness: Subliminal stimulation

A

Exposed to a stimulus, information enters in the brain but never reaches consciousness, it stays unconscious

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6
Q

State of Consciousness: Subconscious processing (priming)

A

Exposed to a stimulus which is conscious, however, we are not aware that it is unconsciously activating our brain, and memories associated with it.

The activated association can influence our behaviours

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7
Q

State of Consciousness: Split-brain patients

A

Severe epilepsy

In a split brain, hemispheres do not communicate, therefore, when The LH gets an image the other won’t know about it

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8
Q

Information sent to Right Visual Field goes to:

A

Left Hemisphere

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9
Q

Information sent to the Left Visual Field goes to:

A

Right Hemisphere

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10
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Language and Controls Right body

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11
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Controls Left body

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12
Q

Where does consciousness come from?

A

Depends on who you ask.
Science says that it is the brain which creates consciousness

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13
Q

How is consciousness formed

A

No answer

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14
Q

Attention: Definition

A

complex mental processes, which allows us to focus on the stimulation around us & the information and memories are found in the brain

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15
Q

Attention: Value

A

Highly adapted and essential for survival

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16
Q

Selective Attention:

A

Focus on one object of interest and leave the rest

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17
Q

Inhibition Attention:

A

Research says that our brain will actively inhibit one information from processing other information

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18
Q

Disconnected Attention:

A

Ex: Cocktail party effect, in a party when you’re having a conversation, you will pick up the noise when someone calls your name

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19
Q

Attention: Dichotic listening

A

Used to study selective attention

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20
Q

Corteen and Wood (1972) Experiment

A

Experiment to see the degree to which unattended information is processed.

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21
Q

Passive Attention (bottom-up)

A

Stimulus in the environment which captures our attention

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22
Q

Active Attention (Top-down)

A

Consciously choose to pay attention to our goals

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23
Q

Attention Blindness type: Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice the existence of stimulus which is seen in the visual field

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24
Q

Attention Blindness type: Change blindness

A

Failure to notice a change in stimulus to which we are engaged with

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25
Q

Attention Blindness type: Intentional change detection

A

Hard time detecting the change

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26
Q

Divided attention: Multitasking

A

Consciousness does not multitask

Visual areas become less active when we do activities at the same time

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27
Q

Visual neglect

Damage on right side of hemisphere

A

Perceive only a portion of the visual field, the other portion is gone from our awareness, it does not exist

If there is damage in the right hemisphere, the visual neglect is more severe

Research says that consciously they have visual neglect but unconsciously they are aware of some parts of the visual field

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28
Q

Mental (imagination)

A

When you imagine something you experience visual neglect

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29
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Drugs which influence and affect the functioning of the brain

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30
Q

How is the synapse affected by drugs?

A

Drugs produce their effects at the level of the synapse

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31
Q

How is dopamine affected by drugs?

A

Most street drugs enhances dopamine which activates the pleasure pathways

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32
Q

Tolerance

The effect of drugs

A

When we use and abuse a drug, we develop tolerance

We need to consume more of the drug to have the effect

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33
Q

Tolerance: Neuroadaptation

The brain …

The liver…

A

example of neurotransplicity: brain changes itself in response to the drug

the brain may stop making a neurotransmitter and shut down some receptors

The liver becomes better at breaking down alcohol when you drink alcohol so that less of it reaches the brain.

So the impact is bigger when someone starts drinking VS someone who drinks daily since the liver accommodates.

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34
Q

What occur when you stop taking drugs?

A

When you stop taking a drug, person can experience uncomfortable symptoms

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35
Q

Drug: Dependence

Physical

Psychological

A

Experienced when a person is dependent on the drug

Physical: needed to function normally

Psychological: we miss the drug and want it

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36
Q

Drug: Expectations

A

Drugs do not depend on the biochemistry of the drug or the body, other factors play

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37
Q

When we use drugs it feels like:

A

Heaven to Hell

38
Q

3 types of Drugs

A

Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens

39
Q

Depressants

3 types

A

Psychoactive drug which decreases the activity of the nervous system

Alcohol & Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

40
Q

Effects of low doses of Alcohol

A

Relaxing
Decreased tension & inhibitions
Impairs concentration
Slows reflexes
Impairs reaction time
Reduces coordination
IMPAIRS JUDGMENT

41
Q

Effects of medium doses of Alcohol

A

Further impairment of judgement
Slurred speech
Drowsiness

42
Q

Effects of high doses of Alcohol

A

Vomiting
Breathing difficulties
Unconsciousness
Coma
Death

43
Q

FAS and its effects

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Small eye-opening
Smooth philtrum
Thin upper lip

44
Q

Drugs effect on Sexuality

A

Drink desires but takes away performance

45
Q

Organs damaged by alcohol

A

Liver, heart, stomach and more

46
Q

Neurotransmitters affect on Drugs:

GABA:

Dopamine:

Endorphins:

Glutamate:

A

GABA: Agonist (Drug which increases neurotransmitter activity)

Dopamine: Agonist

Endorphins: Agonist

Glutamate: Antagonist (Drug which decreases neurotransmitter activity)

47
Q

Drug shrinks which part of the brain?

A

Frontal lob & Hippocampus

48
Q

Depressant Drug: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

A

Benzodiazepines: Highly addictive, Known as tranquilizers

Barbiturates: More addictive, More powerful, Known as downers

These are powerful depressants

49
Q

Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines Low Doses

A

Relaxation, moderate euphoria, decreased inhibition

50
Q

Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines Medium Doses

A

Impaired judgement/mental functioning, decreased reaction time, loss of coordination, depressed mood

51
Q

Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines High Doses

A

Loss of consciousness, coma and even death

52
Q

How do Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines GABA produce their effects?

A

Produce their effects by agonizing it.

53
Q

Stimulants and its effects

A

Psychoactive drugs which increase the activity of the nervous system

Lethal addictive effects

Ex: Caffeine

There are 3 types

54
Q

Stimulant: Nicotine (Smoking)

A

damages the DNA, contains many carcinogens (infers with the body’s ability to get rid of cancer cells)

55
Q

Nicotine Increases

A

life expectancy

56
Q

What type of disease is nicotine associated with?

A

Pediatric disease: smokers start smoking as an adolescent

57
Q

Why don’t they stop consuming Nicotine ?

A

It is highly addictive

58
Q

Neurotransmitters which enhance Nicotine?

A

Acetylcholine: memory and learning
Norepinephrine: good mood
Dopamine: pleasure molecule

59
Q

Nicotine: Dual-effect

A

Dual effect on the brain

Smoking cigarettes calms us down and also perks you up when your sluggish

60
Q

long term effects due to the use of nicotine on acetylcholine?

Example:

A

Acetylcholine plays a key role in the adaptative cellular processes leading to addiction.

Ex: Neuroadaption

61
Q

Stimulant: Cocaine

A

Experience: high motivation
Enhances: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin
Blocks: reputake

62
Q

How many minutes of pleasure does Cocaine give?

A

15-30 minutes

63
Q

Anti Depressants

A

help with chronic permanent depression

64
Q

Formication

A

consuming drugs makes us feel like bugs are crawling under our skin, so we start picking our skin

65
Q

Stereotypic behaviours

A

Senses behaviours which are repeated over and over again

66
Q

Psychotic episodes

A

Lose touch with reality and become per annoyed, end up being violent and aggressive

67
Q

Cocaine and Death

A

Cocaine interferes with the functioning of the heart

68
Q

Amphetamines: Type of Drug

A

Stimulants

69
Q

What neurotransmitters do Amphetamines affect?

A

Dopamine

70
Q

Amphetamines, agonize or antagonize?

A

Agonize dopamine

71
Q

How to Amphetamines Agonize Dopamine?

A

They prevent, reuptake and stimulate the release of dopamine from the terminal buttons

72
Q

Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

A

measures activity along the surface of the cortex

73
Q

Electrooculogram

A

measure the movement of eyes as you sleep

74
Q

Electromyograms

A

measure the tension in the muscles of the jaw

75
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A

alpha-theta waves (3.5 - 7.5 Hz)

Stage 1 is very light stage of sleep

if startled or awoken, most people say that they were not even sleeping.

76
Q

Stage 2 sleep:

A

theta waves
K complexes (1x/min)
sleep spindles (2-5x/min)

both are bursts of activity

77
Q

Slow wave sleep;

A

Delta Waves

Slow-wave sleep is typically referred to as the deepest stage of sleep.

Only a strong stimulus will wake you, and you will feel groggy and confused upon waking

78
Q

Wakefullness

A

Alpha waves

79
Q

Sleep-wake cycle: Hormones

A

Melatonin

80
Q

Sleep-wake cycle: Structures

A

Overactive hippocampus, brainstem and basal forebrain

81
Q

Insomnia

A

the inability to fall asleep or the inability to remain asleep.

Subjectively, people report the sensation that they cannot “turn their brain off” and rest

82
Q

What areas of the brain are particularly affected by alcohol antagonizing glutamate?

A

Hippocampus

83
Q

What does that lead to?

A

Memory loss on nights of heavy drinking

84
Q

What are the effects of long term use of nicotine on acetylcholine?

A

Nicotine reduces overall levels of acetylcholine in the brain (This is an example of neuroadaptation)

85
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Known as Psychedelics

Produces effect on consciousness

it affects emotions, sensations, perceptions, behaviours and motivations.

It is Mind-manifesting and Mind-expanding

86
Q

Hallucinogens: LSD (Synthetic)

A

Effects are unpredictable, some effects are:

Physically cold
Emotionally unstable
Left our bodies and see ourselves floating

87
Q

Serotonin:

A

neurotransmitter which is involved with in mood

88
Q

Which area of the brain seems particularly affected by LSD?

A

Thalamus

89
Q

Marijuana (Natural)

A

mild hallucinogen

90
Q

Active ingredient of Marijuana

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol: molecules go to the brain and attach to the cannabinoid receptors

91
Q

Cannabinoid receptors:

A

found all over the brain

92
Q

Neurotransmitters which is affected by Marijuana?

A

GABA, Anandamide and others

When GABA is active, it inhibits the release of dopamine

Psychology 1101 (6 decks)

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