Psychology Midterm (2) - Chapter 5.3 Flashcards
Binaural Cues
Ques to hear where the sound is coming from
Binaural Cue: Interaural time difference
Time of arrival: Ear which is closer to sound receives sound wave first and then the other ear receives it second, the brain pays attention to the time difference
Binaural Cue: Interaural level differences
Ear closer to the sound perceives it as louder.
As the sound travels through flesh and bones it becomes less loud.
The brain monitors the differences
Cutaneous senses and Mechanoreceptors
Humans feel more than touch with our skin, receptors in the skin which allows us to sense different kinds of pleasure
Merkel Receptor
Found in the top layer of the skin, Pressure touch: these receptors fire when a person holds your hand
Meissner Receptor
Found in the top layer, Pressure touch: Receptors that fire when a person lets go of your hand
Ruffini cylinder
Stretching of the skin
Pacinian corpuscle
Vibration & Texture
Importance of touch
Essential for physical and mental well-being
Nociceptors
Sensory receptors which allow us to feel pain found all over the body
Why is Pain essential?
It is essential for survival
Pains complexity
How much pain we feel does not depend on the number of tissue damages, there are other factors: emotions, motivations, beliefs, culture
Pain: Gate-Control Theory
Explains the complexity of pain, according to the theory: we have a neurological gate
Pain: Neurological gate
The door to the neurological system determines if we feel pain, and how much
Neurological gate: Small nerve fibers (S-fibers)
When activated it opens the door and we feel pain: They carry pain information
Neurological gate: Large nerve fibres (L-fibers)
When activated the gate is partially closed or closed and we feel little to no pain: Carry information other than pain
Neurological Gate: T-cells
Must be activated for the gate to open.
They are between the gate and the fibres.
Small nerve fibres activate them and we feel the pain.
Factors which open neurological gate:
Ex: Pinprick, Activates Small Fibres, Activate T cells, Gate opens, we feel pain
Factors which close neurological gate:
Ex: Ice packs, Activates Long Fibers, Prevents T cells, Gate closes, pain is blocked or reduced
Stimulation in the brain
When you stimulate an area of the brain, the door will close and will not feel pain
Stimulation: Beliefs
Open or closes the gate
Ex: Placebo effect:
Stimulation: Stress
Opens and closes the gate
Ex: fight or flight response, the main goal of the body is to survive
Other Factors which influence pain:
Emotions: When we have positive emotions tend to experience less pain
Self-confidence: Even if we have the same amount of tissue damages, we feel less pain
Culture: can affect how much pain we feel
Another word for Smell
Olfaction
Smell: Chemical sense
Stimulation comes from ordure molecules released by humans, animals, and objects.
In order to smell something, the ordure molecule must enter our nasal cavities and must reach our olfactory receptors
Smell: Olfactory receptors
Sensory receptors for the sense of smell, fixed firmly in the olfactory epithelium
Smell: Olfactory epithelium
Membrane filled with mucus
Smell: Glomeruli cells
Cells which receive signals from the Olfactory receptor neurons. There are less than 300 types
Ex: Temporal lobes, Limbic system
Smell: Humans ability to detect
Researchers believed we can only detect 10000 odours, however, Humans can detect over 1 trillion odours
Smell: How can humans detect trillions of odours with only less than 300 types?
Different odour molecules activate a different combination of different types of receptors
Fictonal example: random
addition calculations which are less than 300
Olfactory: Regeneration
Olfactory receptors generate. They are easily vulnerable
Smell: Emotions & memories
There is a strong connection between smell, emotion and memories
Taste or Gustation: Importance
Sense of taste was essential for the survival of Ancestors
Taste: Chemical sense
Stimulation comes from molecules found in foods and beverages we consume
In order for us to taste
Food must dissolve in our saliva and come in contact with gustatory cells
Gustatory cells
Found inside taste buds
Papillae
Found inside taste buds
Bumps of the tongue.
They’re are 4 types of Papillae
Filiform Papillae
The entire surface of the tongue which gives a fuzzy appearance.
It does not contain taste buds
Fungiform Papillae
Found at tip and sides of the tongue
Foliate Pappilae
Found along the back of tongue
Circumvallate Papillae
At back of tongue and are shaped like little mounds
Taste: 4 Basics
Salty, sour, sweet, bitter
5th Umami
5th taste sensation (means yummy), associated with foods that are rich with protein
6th Fat?
Research suggest that the 6th taste sensation is a fat
Taste: Regeneration
Takes a week to regenerate, we loss 1/2 taste buds after age of 20
Taste: Sensory interaction
Researchers input with taste and olfactory receptors
Senses which affect and interact with each each other.
Research says: without sense of smell we cannot tell the difference between the taste of foods. They also suggest that olfactory receptors are found in the tongue
Bimodal neurons and where they are located?
Neurons which respond to more than one sense, they are located at the Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
Body Position & Movement
senses which connect us to the external world
Body Position & Movement: Kinesthesis
Allows us to know where our bodies are in space and sense the movement of our bodies
Particularly the movement, of arms, legs, feet and figures
Lets us know if our body parts are moving, how fast? What position?
Body Postion & Movement: Vestibular sense
Proprioceptors, found all over the body, in muscles, tendencies and ligaments
They are also known as our sense of balance
Vestibular sense: 2 organs linked and associated with our sense of balance
Semicircular canals: sense changes in acceleration and rotation of the head
Vestibular sacs: respond to cues with a sense of balance and posture
These are found in our inner ear
Vestibular sense: David lee’s experiment
Our vestibular sense is integrated with our sense of vision
Cochelea
sensory receptors for our vestibular sense is located
