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Psychology 1101 > Psychology Midterm (1) - Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Psychology Midterm (1) - Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need science?

A

Intuitions: Leads to errors
Common sense: Is not so common
Overconfidence: We are more confident of the accuracy then knowledge, there’s a gap

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2
Q

How do we know?

A

Rationalism: Can not trust senses, Only Pure logic and reasoning
Empiricism: We know by systematic observation (using our senses)

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3
Q

Kant says:

A

In order to know we “Need senses, observations but must apply pure logic and reason to them “

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4
Q

Scientific Methods

A
  1. Identify
  2. Gather information
  3. Develop a Hypothesis
  4. Design and conduct the experiment
  5. Analyze the data and draw a conclusion
  6. Restart the process
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5
Q

Develop a hypothesis: Definition

A

Predicted outcome of a research study, tentative statement about a relationship between 2 or more variables

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6
Q

Develop a hypothesis: Must follow Strict scientific rules

A

Hypothesis must be falsifiable, must be able to put it through a test and prove its wrong or right by one example

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7
Q

Develop a hypothesis: Replication

A

Repeat study with different sets of subjects, getting similar results will result growth in confidence, not getting the same results results to less growth in confidence

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8
Q

Types of Research Methods: Descriptive Research

A

Allow us to: Describe and do research in a systematic way

Allows us to answer: Allows us to answer: What, When, Where, How but not Why

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9
Q

Case Study: Advantages and Disadvantages

A

Study of one single person or a small group of people in depth

Advantages: Keep records of vary rare cases

Disadvantages:
Researcher bias:
- No matter how objective they are, they have their own theories, hear what they want to hear and see what they want to see
- Cannot generlize to the population since it’s a small sample

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10
Q

Survey

A

A part of correlational and descriptive reasearch

Asking a large group of people to answer questions

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11
Q

Representative sample and Why we do it

A

sample reflects on population and is scientifcally valuble

Why? Generalize the population of interset

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12
Q

How do we do a Representative Sample: Random Sampling

A

Every person in population gets equal chance of being in survey
Only chance determines who will be in sample
a. Researcher asking for volunteers is not an example since volunteer is being chosen
b. Researcher asking specific people to be a part of research is also not an example
c. Rolling a dice to choose people is an example

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13
Q

How do we do a Representative Sample: Simple random sample

A

Sample is extracted from the population

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14
Q

How do we do a Representative Sample: Statified random sample

A

Breaking down population into groups of intreset based on goals

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15
Q

Advantages of Survey

A

Cheap
Easy to gather information
Includes large number of people who are usually not used for scientific research
Sometimes, only way for us to gather info

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16
Q

Disadvantages of Survey

A

Response bias: Number of factors which lead to inaccurate answers
Acquiescence bias: The person agrees to all questions asked by researchers
Social desirability bias: A person gives the socially desired correct answer, own opinion is hidden
Volunteer bias: Person relies on volunteers to answer their survey
Ilusory superiority: erson tries to perceive themselves as better than average.
Easily : Can easily get influenced by questions or the person asking the question

17
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Conducting research in the real world

18
Q

Naturalistic Observation: Fundemental Rule

A

Researcher Must not interfere in any way, only there to observe

19
Q

Naturalistic Observation: Advantages

A

Real
Only way to do the study
Able to discover what you can not discover in labs

20
Q

Correlational Research

A

Allows us: to observe, describe, and make predictions
Allows us: to see if there is a link between 2 or more variables and if it’s a systematic and reliable relationship

21
Q

Correlational Research: 3 Major Questions

A

Q1. Do they covary? If one variable changes does the other one also change?

Q2. In what direction?
Positive correlation: Systematic and reliable relationship between two variables which chnage in same direction
Negative correlation; Systematic and reliable relationship between two variables which change in opposite directions

Q3. How strong is the relationship? To what extent? How strong is the relationship?

22
Q

Correlation Coefficent: r

A

Value of r is between -1 to +1
-1: Negative correlation and +1: Positive Correlation
0: No correlation
Strenghts: Look at actual numbers (ex: -0.88 and +0.13, -0.88 is bigger because the number is bigger)

23
Q

Experimental research

A

It is the only: Research that allows us to draw conclusions about cause and effects in relationships

Why? Independent variable is manipulated

24
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable which researchers manipulate, causes a change in the other variable

25
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable gets changed by the IV, variable is messured

26
Q

Experimental research

A

Can be done: Labs & Field experiment

27
Q

Manipulate the IV

A

Researcher creates at least 2 levels of the IV of interest
Create two groups one being an experimental group and the other being control (One group drinks milk and the other doesn’t)
In the end, compare the bone density of both groups to see if a difference is made

28
Q

Confounding variables

A

IV researcher is not studying but could affect the dependent variable

29
Q

Why you should control IV?

A

Cause and change of DV is known

30
Q

Known IV’s

A

Values which are known and can affect the IV

31
Q

Unknown IVs

A

Values which are unkown and can affect the IV

32
Q

How to prevent unkown IV’s?

A

Random assaignment
Every person in study must have equal chance of being in the experimental or control group

Only chance will determine who is in the control group & experimental group, must equalize both groups

33
Q

Placebo effect

A

Substance that is inert

We are given placebo but don’t know it is, we believe its an effective treatment and that it can improve symptoms

34
Q

Measure of Central Tendency

A

Descriptive statistics

Allow researchers to have a clear idea of a typical, standard score in their distribution of scores

35
Q

Median

A

Middle score in an ordered set of data

36
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occuring number in a data set

Psychology 1101 (6 decks)

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