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Psychology 1101 > Psychology Midterm (1) - Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Psychology Midterm (1) - Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Nervous System consists:

A

2 main divisions

CNS: Brain and spinal cord
PNS: All the other nerves in the body

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2
Q

The 2 divisions:

A

constantly work as a joined unit, to produce the simplest behaviours

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3
Q

Nervous System

A

a communication network

Receives: from the external world and from the body

Analyzes: organizing and joining existing info

Uses this information to: send out messages to muscles

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4
Q

Cells of the NS

A

Neurons: basic unit of communication in the network

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5
Q

Neurons: In a nutshell

A

an electrochemical process

the neuron fires and produces an electrical impulse when it communicates

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6
Q

Neurons Communicate

A

Electrochemically

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7
Q

Neurons ultimately lead to

A

release of neuro transitions

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8
Q

Neurons communicate in:

A

Action potential/neural impulse/electrical impulse

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9
Q

Neurotransmitters:

A

send messages to other neurons

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10
Q

Neurons shapes

A

they all have the same basic structure, but vary in shapes and sizes,

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11
Q

Basic structure of Neurons:
Cell body -> soma:

A

Contains the nucleus of cell and DNA,

manufacturer everything it needs to survive, grow, and function

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12
Q

Basic structure of Neurons: Dendrites

A

Tree branches coming out of cell body

Recieve info and messages from other neurons

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13
Q

Basic structure of Neurons: Axon

A

Carry the potential all the way to the terminal buttons

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14
Q

Basic structure of Neurons: Axon branches/ Axon terminals

A

end of axon where signal branches off

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15
Q

Basic structure of Neurons: Terminal buttons

A

Releases neurotransmitter

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16
Q

Basic structure of Neurons: Myelin sheath

A

made out of proteins and lipids, they cover some of the axon.

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17
Q

Basic structure of Neurons: Synapse

A

neurons meet in order to communicate and exchange information

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18
Q

Basic Sturcture of Neurons: Synaptic cleft/gap

A

A tiny gap between two neurons at the synapse

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19
Q

Basic Structure of Neurons: Presynaptic neuron

A

is the neuron that sends out messages.

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20
Q

Basic Structure of Neurons:
Postsynaptic neuron

A

is the neuron that receives messages.

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21
Q

Cells of the Nervous System: Glial Cells (Glia)

A

There are billions of them

Nannies of the neurons because They help neurons:
develop
nutrition
insulation
protection
clean after them
remove dead neurons

They help with higher mental function such as: learning, memory, intelligence and creativity.

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22
Q

Different types of glial cells: Oligodendrocytes and Schwann

A

Oligodendrocytes: do so in central nerovus system

Schwann cells: do so in the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

The cells are involved in the production, laying down, and repair of the myelin sheath, they speed up the communication in the central nervous system

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23
Q

Microglia

A

help form the Immune function

Play a role in learning and memory: degeneration linked with Alzheimer’s disease.

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24
Q

Astrocytes and Microglia Cells

A

Other types of glial cells share in the immune duties of the microglia.

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25
Q

what type of diseases are linked to the astrocytes and microgilia cells:

A

neurodegenerative disease

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26
Q

Communication within a neuron:

A

80% water dissolves chemicals in them

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27
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

Inside neuron: Aprox 40% of total human body weight, contain electrolytes and proteins cells

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28
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

Outside Neuron: Other 40%, body fluid which does not contain cells

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29
Q

Chemicals Dissolved

A

Na+ (Sodium Ion) Pos Charge
Cl- (Chloride Ion) Neg Charge
K+ (Pottasium Ion) Pos Charge

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30
Q

Neuron at rest

A

Does not communicate
High concentrations of neg ions are inside the neuron
High concentrations of pos ions are outside

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31
Q

Ions at rest

A

Electric charge is at -70mV
Membrane is polarized
“Receive messages even at rest

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32
Q

2 Major Types of Messages

A

Inhibitory and Excitatory

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33
Q

Inhibitory

A

Tells neuron not to fire and produce action potentials
Messeages change the concentration of ions
Membrane is Hyperpolarized: More neg inside neuron due to concentration change
Ex: -70mv to -76mv

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34
Q

Excitatory

A

Messages change the concentration of ions

The membrane is Depolarized; become less neg on inside

Ex: -70mv to -63mv
This occurs when it reaches about -50mv

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35
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the axon which are not covered by the myelin sheath

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36
Q

Nodes of Ranvier: Purpouse

A

Nodes are the “walls and windows of the axons

By using this channel, Ions can get in and out of the neuron

Ions do not move in and out randomly, there are rules which control their movemnts

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37
Q

Rules - Inhibatory Messages: What happens when Cl Channels open?

A

Chloride ions move inside the neuron (Influx)

They increase number of negative ions inside the neuron

Neuron becomes more negatively charged

Membrane is hyperpolarized and the neuron is less likely to fire

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38
Q

Rules-Exicatory Message, When sodium channels open:

A

Sodium ions move inside the neuron (Influx)

Increases number of positive ions inside neuron

Inside nuron becomes less negativly charged and is depolarized (neuron is likely to fire)

If electrical charge inside the neuron to reach -50mv, neuron will fire

Once neuron has fired, it needs to go back to resting potential before it can fire again

Once sodium ions have entered cell, k+ channels open

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39
Q

Exicatory Message: When K+ Channels open:

A

Potassium ions start leaving the neuron (Efflux)

less positive ions in neuron which makes the cell less positive

When Electrical charge reaches -70mv and the neuron is polarized again.

The neuron is at resting potential.

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40
Q

Refactory period

A

Before the neuron reaches its resting potential,

neuron will not fire when stimulated

Membrane is hyperpolarized (more negative than -70mv) due high number of potassium ions out of the cell.

Sodium ions will be pumped out and potassium ions will be pumped back in.

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41
Q

Communication between neurons:
Presynaptic neuron sends out messages and produces:

A

Action potential travels/propagates

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42
Q

Terminal buttons

A

neurotransmitteres exits

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43
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Little bags which contain neurotransmitters, (they attach to the terminal button which attach to the membrane of the neurons)

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44
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

goes to the postsynaptic neuron, and attaches to the receptor site (it’s own parking site)

They must attch to the receptor site, if it does not attach it can not deliver messages

Each neurotransmitter has its own receptor site

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45
Q

Reuptake

A

reabsorbption by neuron after delivering the message, it gets reobserved and recycled

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46
Q

Degradation

A

Once neuron has delivered message, enzyme comes and breaks it down

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47
Q

Why?

A

If neurotransmitter is deactivated, It delivers the message over and over again and it over inhibits the nervous system

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48
Q

Bind to receptor sites : Neurotransmitters:

A

Deliver messages between neurons

to be healthy mentally and physically, healthy levels of neurotransmitters are a must,

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49
Q

Some deliver excitatory messages only:

A
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50
Q

Acetylcholine:

A
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51
Q

Acetylcholine:

A

Learning muscle action
Associated Drug: Botox
Botox stops the release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which prevents muscle contractions (ex: wrinkles)

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52
Q

Glutamate

A

Leaning and movement
Associated Drug: PCP causes hallucinations, ketamine (anesthetic)

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53
Q

Some deliver inhibitory messages only: GABA

A

Leanirning, anxiety regulation through inhibition of neurons, says to not fire/communicate

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54
Q

Some deliver inhibitory messages only: Dopamine

A

Learning, Reward/ Pleasure

Healthy levels of dopamine: Positive mood, more motivated. Healthy motor functions

Low levels of dopamine: Depressed, not motivated

It is implicated in behaviours and circuits

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55
Q

Some deliver inhibitory messages only: Serotonin

A

Elevation/Depression of mood
Drug: Cocaine (prevents reuptake of dopamine and replectates euphoria)
Cocaine creates pleasurable feelings, they extend the duration of dopamine in the synapse

56
Q

Norepinephrine:

A

Elevation/ depression of mood
Drug: doxepin (used for treating anxiety and depression)

57
Q

Enkephalins/ Endorphins:

A

Pain responses drug: Opiates (Morphine Heroin)
When they are abnormal: it is linked to schizophrenia

58
Q

Synapse

A

Small fluid-filled gap between neurons into which transmitters are released

59
Q

Types of Drugs: Agonist

A

Drug which increases neurotransmitter activity

They mimic and deliver the same messages neurotransmitter

60
Q

Types of Drugs: Antagonists

A

Drugs which decrease, reduce and weaken activity of the neurotransmitter.

They completely block the activity of the neurotransmitter

61
Q

Partial agonists and partial antagonists

A

They do the same thing but less powerful

62
Q

Competitive-direct

A

Drugs compete with the neurotransmitters for the same receptor site

63
Q

Drugs: Agonist

A

take over parking spot and mimic the neurotransmitter

64
Q

Drugs: Antagonist

A

Takes over parking spot, blocks it
By blocking it stops the transmitter from delivering messages (ex: coffee)

65
Q

Non-competitive (indirect)

A

Drug does not compete for the same spot
It finds another receptore site and either enhances or reduces the activity of the neurotransmitter

66
Q

CT Scan (Computerized Tomography)

A

Function: uses x-rays that pass through the body too generate “slices” images of the body

Advantages: Fast, Cheap and noninvasive

Disadvantages: Radiation exposure
Does not allow us to see the brain in action, only shows us the structure of the brain
Ex: it does not allow us to show us which area is more active in a math task

67
Q

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A

Function: Uses magnetic field and hydrogen ions are used (different tissues have different amounts of water)

68
Q

MRI Advantages and Disadvanatges

A

Advantages: Noninvasive, great precision, no radiation

Disadvantages: Really expensive, cannot have biomedical devices or metal in patients

Does not allow us to see the brain in action, we can only see the structure

Ex: Detect changes in structure due to disease

69
Q

fMRI (functional MRI)

A

Function: Uses magnetic field to image alignments of hydrogen ions (different tissues have different amount of water)

70
Q

fMRI (functional MRI) Advantages and Disadvanatges:

A

Advantages: Noninvasive, no radiation, no injections or ingestions

Disadvantages: Cardiovascular disease or compromised function can make measurements unreliable; delay between stimulus and output

Ex: Can mesure activation during a task or following stimulation

71
Q

DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging)

A

Function: Tracks water movement along neutral pathways, and measures density of neural tracks (bundles of axons)

72
Q

DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) Advantages and Disadvanatages

A

Advantages: Noninvasive, no radiation, no injections or ingestions needed, It is a sophisticated MRI tech

Disadvantages: The interpretation can be difficult in tracts that have different kinds of fibers

Ex: Study white matter degeneration in disease

73
Q

PET/SPECT
(Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)

A

Function: Uses radioactive compound to track molecular changes

One of the radioactive are glucose substance, more active the more it consumes, it shows which part is more active

74
Q

PET/SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) Advanatages and Disadvanatges

A

Advantages: You can see molecular changes in real time

Disadvantages: Radiation exposure

Examples: Visualize the activity of specific neurotransmitters and can measure binding

75
Q

Lower Brain Structure

A

From spinal cord to the center of the brain

76
Q

Brainstem

A

starts where the spinal cord ends

connects the brain to the spinal cord

Relay station: all info coming to the brain and leaving the brain will have to go through it

information coming from the left side of the body will cross over to the right side of the brain (and vise versa)

Life center of brain, contains structures that control vital functions that are essential for survival

77
Q

Medulla:

A

where spinal cord ends, controls breath, heart beat, blood pressure, vomiting

78
Q

Pons:

A

Information from the spinal cord enters the medulla and is then transferred to the pons and to higher-order brain functions

79
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

a network of cells in the pons and medulla which help regulate the awareness and alertness in humans

80
Q

Where is the Reticular Activating System located?

A

Located within Hypothalamus and Brainstem

81
Q

Reticular Activating System: Main Functions

A

Helps regulate our level of excitement/energy

Helps focus our attention on tasks, people or objects

82
Q

Reticular Activating System: Disorder

A

Autoimmune leukoproliferative disorder

83
Q

Cerebellum

A

Little brain

84
Q

Cerebellum controls

A

voluntary movement

85
Q

Where is the Cerebellum located:

A

back of the head, below temporal and occipital lobes, above brainstem

Ex: typing and writing, maintain balance , muscle tone

86
Q

What is the Cerebellum involved in:

A

In learning motor skills which become automatic

Ex: typing, writting

1/10th of the volume of brain

Half neurons are in cerebellum

20x more connection than any other are in the brain

87
Q

What does recent reasearch say on Cerebellum

A

linked to learning, thinking, creativity and language

Autism: cerebellum is essential for proper cognitive development

Alcohol: cerebellum gets drunk when your drunk

88
Q

Thalamus

A

Center of the brain and sits on top of the brain cells

89
Q

Thalamus: Relay station

A

All senses (excluding senses) receives info from upper areas and transfers to lower areas

90
Q

What does the thalamus highlight

A

analyzes info and highlights which is important

91
Q

Studies show in Thalamus

A

Part of the system in the brain directs attention to the potentially important stimuli

92
Q

Goosebumps

A

Form Thalamus

93
Q

Limbic System

A

found at center of brain

94
Q

What is the Limbic System linked to?

A

Learning, motivation and memory

95
Q

Hippocampus

A

Helps in form new conscious memories and found in the temporal lobes

Important in Cognitive maps and maintenance

Vulnerable to chronic stress: Chronic stress kills neurons is hippocampus

In Alzheimer’s diseases, ome of the first areas to get damaged is the hippocampus

96
Q

Amygdala

A

found at the center of brain, they are linked to: Aggression, Emotions, Experience, Memories

97
Q

Hypothalamus

A

located under the thalamus, sits under the brain, Very tiny, Brain within a brain: very powerful

It controls thirst, hunger and sex

It maintains and controls homeostasis

98
Q

Homeostasis

A

Internal balance of the body

keeping certain vital functions, within a narrow healthy range

Important role in the formation of social bonds

Produces a hormone called oxytocin

99
Q

Social Bonds

A

Important role in the formation maintenance of social/emotional bonds by producing oxytocin

100
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

outer layer of brain, big grooves and rainbows

1/3 of your cortex is visible to the naked eye, rest hides in the grooves

101
Q

The left hemisphere:

A

Receives information from the right side of the body. Controls the right side of the body

It controls language

102
Q

The right hemisphere:

A

Receives information from the left side of the body. Controls the left side of the body.

103
Q

Corpus Callosum:

A

way hemispheres communicate to each other

104
Q

Each hemisphere:

A

Consists of 4 lobes: Frontal, Parietal,Temporal, Occipital

105
Q

Each lobe:

A

Consists 2 areas: Primary and Association

106
Q

Primary areas

A

linked with the processes of motor or sensory information.

The primary areas are P. visual cortex, P. auditory cortex, P. sensory cortex aka P. somatosensory cortex,

107
Q

P. visual cortex

A

located in the occipital lobes (processes visual information)

108
Q

P. auditory cortex

A

located in the temporal lobes (processes auditory information).

109
Q

P. sensory cortex aka P. somatosensory cortex

A

located in the parietal lobes and arches from one ear to the next.

It receives information from the skin, muscles and joints.

Processes information pertaining to touch, pain, temperature

110
Q

Right part of the parietal cortex

A

receives info from the left side of the body

111
Q

Left part of the parietal cortex

A

receives information from the right side of the body.

112
Q

Each body part

A

is represented in the parietal cortex

Body parts adjacent to each other (example, hand and arm) are serviced by areas in the brain that are adjacent to each other

113
Q

Association areas:

A

Each Lobes has 2 areas

Found in each lobe, they are linked with complex mental functioning

These areas are involved in the processing of complex motor or sensory information

114
Q

Frontal Lobes (Executive function):

A

Planning, Descision making, Personality, Language (Broca’s area-language production), Emotions

115
Q

Temporal Lobes:

A

aspects of language (Wernicke’s area: understanding language), music, memory, recognizing faces, god spot

116
Q

Parietal Lobes:

A

Nonverbal thinking (ex: math), sense of space

117
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

Processing of complex visual information

118
Q

What do the brain lobes do?

A

The brain’s lobes work in tandem to produce complex human behaviours & mental processes

119
Q

Brain laterality:

A

Functional asymmetry: Carry out similar functions but have their own specialized functions

Ex: Left hemi is more associated with language than the right hemi

120
Q

Ways of studying the brain:

A

Neuron imaging studies
Clinical observations

121
Q

Split-brain patients:

A

They have Severe epilepsy, hemispheres do not communicate to each other?

122
Q

Corpus callosum:

A

People with severe epilepsy get treatment by cutting the corpus call osum.

Personality stays the same but the levels do not change

123
Q

What does Peripheral Nervous System consist?

A

all nerves in body, which are outside of the central nervous system

It connects you to the world

124
Q

What is the main function:

A

Carry info between the body and the central nervous system (back and forth)

125
Q

2 Types of Periphral Nervous System:

A

Somatic Nervous system and Autonomic Nervous system

126
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Two Main Functions

Sensory Neurons: collect info from environment and send in to the central nervous system

127
Q

Afferent axons

A

axons of the sensory neurons, they carry information from the body/the external world to the CNS

Ex: Motor skills

128
Q

Efferent axons

A

axons of the motor neurons, they carry information from the CNS to the body

129
Q

Autonomic NS:

A

It controls organs, glands, visceral muscles

Visceral muscles do not have voluntary control over, ex: heart muscles

130
Q

2 Types of Autonomic NS:

A

Sympathetic NS: Energizes the body, mobilizes the resource of the body, to prepare us to take action
(Fight or flight)

Parasympathetic NS: Calms the body down, relaxes the body conserves the energy, helps body restore itself (Rest and digest)

Both systems: have distinct functions, constantly working together, to maintain the homeostasis of the body

131
Q

The Endocrine system

A

A major communication network in the body
and consists all the glands in the body

Glands releases hormones directly into the bloodstream

Hormones carry messages to the endocrine system from rest of the body including the brain, directly into the bloodstream stream, they are super powerful

132
Q

3 Types of Hormones

A

Homeostasis: Maintain a balance of the internal body

Reproductive:
Ex: testosterone, estrogen

Stress hormones:
Ex: cortisol, epinephrine

133
Q

Pituitary gland:

A

Located at the center of brain, Under hypothalamus

Controls all the glands in the system

Hypothalamus controls system by controlling the pituitary gland

134
Q

Nervous System and Endocrine system

A

Different functions, but they constantly interact with each other

“While it controls the endocrine system, hormones can stillaffect the NS including the brain”

135
Q

Why study Hormones:

A

related to how we behave and think

Psychology 1101 (6 decks)

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