Psychology Exam Review

Question 1

A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors. It looks at the way people perceive, plan, and believe.

Answer 1

Social learning theory

Question 2

How you feel and think about you. Self-esteem; am I good or bad. Purpose

Answer 2

Declarative self

Question 3

the scientific study of the relationship between behavior and reinforcement

Answer 3

behaviorism

Question 4

an extreme pattern of odd beliefs and behaviors, and of difficulties relating to others

Answer 4

Schizotypal personality disorder

Question 5

an extreme pattern of arrogant, exploitative behavior combined with a notable lack of empathy

Answer 5

narcissistic personality disorder

Question 6

an extreme pattern of deceitful, manipulative, and sometimes dangerous behavior

Answer 6

Antisocial personality disorder

Question 7

an extreme pattern of feelings of inadequacy accompanied by fear of social contact

Answer 7

avoidant personality disorder

Question 8

an extreme and sometimes dangerous pattern of emotional instability, emotional emptiness, confused identity, and tendencies toward self-harm

Answer 8

borderline personality disorder

Question 9

An extreme pattern of rigidly conscientious behavior, including an anxious and inflexible adherence to rules, rituals, perfectionism, and a stubborn resistance to change

Answer 9

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 10

5 things that define personality disorders

Answer 10

1. Unusual (extreme) degree of a personality trait
2. Cause problems to the person or others
3. Affect social relations
4. Stable over time
5. Ego-syntonic (the individual does not see it as a problem/disorder and just thinks it’s who they are)

Question 11

The approach to personality that emphasizes aspects of psychology that are distinctly human. (Closely related to the phenomenological approach and existentialism)

Answer 11

Humanistic perspective (Maslow)

Question 12

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Answer 12

positive psychology

Question 13

What are 6 specific things Social Learning Theory looks at?

Answer 13

1. Self-Efficacy (the idea you can accomplish something successfully)
2. Self-Concept (how you feel and think about yourself)
3. Modeling (Behavior)
4. Observational learning
5. Motivation (goals short and long term)
6. Importance of Emotion (glad, sad, mad, joy, fear, anger)

Question 14

An introduction to a neutral stimulus

Answer 14

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov, John Watson)

Question 15

Positive or negative reinforcement

Answer 15

Operant Conditioning (B. F. Skinner)

Question 16

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Answer 16

Classical conditioning involves associating an response to a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence. Positive or negative.

Question 17

The approach to philosophy that focuses on conscious experience (phenomenology), free will, the meaning of life, and other basic questions of existence.

Answer 17

existentialism

Question 18

What are the five levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 18

1. Basic needs
2. Safety, security, sex, comfort
3. Belonging, social activity
4. Status, esteem
5. Self-actualization

Question 19

How I do things. Sense of knowledge

Answer 19

procedural self

Question 20

one’s conscious experience of the world; everything a person hears, feels, and thinks

Answer 20

phenomenology

Question 21

What did Carl Rogers believe?

Answer 21

The goal of every person is to be fully functional. What hinders that are conditions of worth which lead to mental health disorders and relationship issues.

Question 22

the conditions we think we must meet in order for other people to accept us as worthy of their love or positive regard

Answer 22

conditions of worth

Question 23

How can culture play into personality?

Answer 23

Culture contributes to the way your personality sees and reacts to the world and environment. Based on what is culturally excepted or not.

Question 24

What are the pros to behaviorism?

Answer 24

uncovered facts concerning aspects of learning and behavior
No vague constructs
readily applicable

Question 25

What are the cons of behaviorism?

Answer 25

It ignores motivation, thought, and cognition and only focuses on behavior.