Psychology Exam 3: Study Deck Flashcards
What does motivation mean? Provide an example.
Definition: The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.
Example: Improving your diet and fitness to feel healthier.
What are the four basic needs of an individual? (HASA)
Definition: The four basic needs include hunger, sex, affiliation, and achievement.
What does the Instant Theory say about what motivates people’s actions? Provide an example.
Definition: People have biologically programmed instincts that motivate their actions.
Example: Infants have an innate rooting reflex that helps them seek out a nipple and receive nourishment.
What does the drive reduction theory mean?
Definition: Our desire to reduce the aversive states causes us to act.
Example: Our desire to eat when we’re hungry reduces the discomfort that hunger causes within our bodies.
What does arousal mean?
Definition: Our behavior is motivated by a need to maintain an ideal arousal level.
Example: If our arousal level drops too low, we might go to a nightclub with friends. If our arousal level becomes too high, we seek out a relaxing activity, such as a yoga class.
What is the main difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?
Definition: The main difference include:
Extrinsic: The motivation that comes from external factors.
VS.
Intrinsic: The motivation that comes from internal factors.
What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law say about arousal?
Definition: A moderate amount of arousal is optimal for performance.
What types of arousal levels do complex and simple tasks require?
Complex Tasks: High levels of arousal.
Simple Tasks: Low levels of arousal.
What are the types of hormones that are involved in hunger? (GRO-LIP). Are they appetite enhancer or suppressants?
Appetite Enhancer: Ghrelin & Orexin
Appetite Suppressant: Leptin, Insulin and PYY
What does emotion mean?
Definition: One’s feelings is determined by how they interpret a situation.
What was the objective and results of the “High Bridge Study?”
Objective: The objective was to determine whether people would mislabel a psychological arousal to something in the environment.
Results: The results showed that men misattributed their increased physiological arousal as feelings for the experimenter and not because of the shaky bridge.
What does the Discrete Emotion Theory say about emotions?
Definition: The idea that we have a few separate emotions, and that all of them serve an adaptive function.
What emotion theory is strongly correlated with James-Lange? Provide an example.
Definition: Emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
Example: We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid.
What emotion theory is strongly correlated with Cannon-Bard? Provide an example.
Definition: Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience.
Example: Our heart races at the same time that we feel afraid.
What emotion theory is strongly correlated with Schacter Singer? Provide an example.
Definition: Our experiences of emotion depend on two factors: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label.
Example: We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on context.
What emotion theory is strongly correlated with Zajonc LeDoux? Provide an example.
Definition: Some embodied responses happen instantly, without a conscious appraisal.
Example: We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat.
What emotion theory is strongly correlated with Lazarus? Provide an example.
Definition: Cognitive appraisal (“is it dangerous or not?”) sometimes without our awareness-defined emotion.
Example: The sound is “just the wind.”
What is the main difference between primary and secondary emotions?
Definition: The difference includes the following:
Primary Emotions: The first type of emotions that you feel for any given event.
Secondary Emotions: The feelings you experience after primary emotion.
Example: If someone you care about says something that is hurtful. Your (primary emotion) would be sadness. If experiencing sadness for some reason may be difficult you may also get angry. Anger is a reaction to your sadness (secondary emotion).
What would “Westerners,” say about the detection of emotion in others?
Firm Handshake: Outgoing, expressive personality
Gaze: Intimacy
Averted Glance: Submission
Stare: Dominance
What is the main difference between the facial and behavior feedback theory?
Definition: The main difference between the facial and behavior feedback theory includes:
Facial expressions: Individuals’ emotional experiences are influenced by their facial expressions.
Example: Smiling should typically make individuals happier, and frowning should make them feel sadder.
Behavior Feedback Theory: The tendency of behavior to influence our own and other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Example: If we move our body as we would when experiencing some emotion (shuffling along with downcast eyes) as when sad, we are likely to feel that emotion to some degree.
What are the different facial expressions that are associated with hedonic and aversive responses?
Definition: The main differences include…
Hedonic: The facial expressions of pleasurable events.
Example: Substances
Aversive: The facial expressions of aversive events.
Example: Bitter substances
What does the Two-Factor Theory say?
Definition: Think. Feel.
A person may think first and then experience physiological arousal.
What does cognitive reappraisal mean?
Definition: The attempt to reinterpret an emotion-eliciting situation in a way that alters its meaning and changes its emotional impact.
What does the middle ground in emotion mean?
High Road (Indirect pathway to the amygdala/Slower): Cortex processes and labels stimulus before the command is sent to the amygdala.
Example: The thalamic info is transmitted to the sensory cortex where it is further processed and evaluated for level of threat prior to being sent to the amygdala.
Low Road (More Reflexive): Direct connection from the eye or ear to the amygdala
Example: The visual input of a snake is received by the thalamus, and projected to the amygdala, which sends its signals directly to the areas of the brain responsible for generating self-defensive behavior.
