Psychology Chapter one Flashcards
What is structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt focused on breaking the mind down into smaller components - like how physical features can be broken down into cells. Edward Titchner, (titchner like tit, which is a smaller identifable compounent of the whole body like how he and wilhelm Wundt were concerned with breaking the mind into smaller components and how reactions to tits are based on introspection, (what people self reporting their thoughts and feelings without analysis-however just like in titchners experiment can not see into their mind to verify their reactions). Edward titchner conducted an experiment where he asked participants to report using introspection (listing ones own thoughts and feelings without trying to analyze them) their reactions to certain stimuli. Wundt and Titchner were able to break down reactions into 3 types: Pleasure/pain, relaxation/strain, and excitment/ quiscene (inactivity sounds like why sense so a sense of why respond) however bc unlike with blood cells scientists could not view into the mind and therefore could not verify participants reactions and therefore could not accurately compare reactions .
What is functionalism?
William James (William and James both function as first names and he was concerned with the function and evolution of the mind) believed that consciousness must have undergone changes through natural selection. Believed psychology should focus on trying to understand the function of the mind.
What is psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud - developed after freud discovered that when placed under hypnosis individuals with hysteria’s (when someone displays physical symptoms of an illness they dont physically have) sypmotoms would go away and then return again when they were concious. Believed that this was the result of their unconcious mind repressing painful childhood memories from them. Believed that the unconcious stored fears and hidden desires and that analysis of it was the key to healing people. Believed that dreams and free assocaiation were reflections of the unconcious.
Free Association
When a word is said to gauge the persons instant reactions which is seen as their unconcious surfacing
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Gestalt is a german word, a name for germany was the weimer republic which sounds like the name Werthimer, as in Max werthimer who pioneered gestalt psychology, M for max like motion as he did the motion light experiment. In Max Werthimers experiment he showed people 3 lights that took a while to alternate between which light flashed and found that most participants identified that there were 2 lights, however when the time of the alternation switched to 1/5 of a second the participants reported seeing one light moving back and forth. Caused him to conclude that the mind develops theories about the world which influence perception (ie if we see an object in one spot and then later an identical object in another spot we will likely assume that they are the same object and the object has just been moved)
Fredric Bartlet (f like find, Bartlet like pear- studied how the mind pairs gaps in memory with theories about the world) Did an experiment where he read a book that had men seal hundting to participants, when asked to recall the book later many participants had reported that the men had been fishing as that was what they expected men to do. Subsequently proving that the memory was not a straight forward recording device and was influenced by the minds theories.
Jean piaget (Jean like jeans that you pia-get as you develop like how your mind gets theories as it develops) Gave children aged 3, 2 equal sections of clay, in one section the clay was altogether and in the other it had been broken down into smaller peices, when asked to identify which section had more clay the 3 year olds would choose the one where it was still altogether. However 6-7 year olds would correctly identify the sections as having equal ammounts of clay suggesting that theories that influenced perception of size and distribution had developed sometime between 3 to 6-7 years old. Concluded that the minds theories about the world that influence the interpretation of sensory info are developed over time.
What is developmental psychology
focuses on how psychological phenomena change through development
What is social psychology
Kurt Edwin (kurt like hurt examined prejudice which hurts people) believed that response to stimulus could depend on what the persons thoughts on the stimulus and therefore behavior could also depend on social and environmental factors. Concerned with the causes and consequences of sociality.
Solomon Asche (s like sequence, studied how sequences of adjectives can help create the solo perception of a mon, (man)) split participants into 2 groups and showed them the same picture of the same man. In one group he described the man using good to bad adjectives and in the other he described the man using bad to good adjectives. When asked to rank how much they liked the man the group who had heard him described first with good adjectives reported likling the man more. Lead solomon asche to create the concept of the primary effect, primary like first, describes how the first impression can influence p like perception of an individual.
Gordon allport, (all like how he was concerned with how we make assumptions and inferences about the people around us. Gordon like how Grodon ramsey treats kids kindly suggests that he assumes that adults can handle harsh criticism wheras kids can not which Gordon allport would see as a way inwhich we make assumptions and inferences on the people around us)
Evolutionary Psychology
John Garcia like Penelope Barcia in that he studies evolution relaed to sickness in rats however different in that the sickness he’s studying is physical nausea and the rats he’s studying are actual rats. When he was studying the effects of radiation sickness in rats he found the rats would have an aversion to the food they last ate before getting sick- showing that they assocaited it with nausea. He tried to get the rats to assocate lights or tones with nausea but found they would not leading him to conclude that the rats evolution had caused them to make some associations faster then others, (while the rats were born lab rats way back into their ancestry sicknesss would have likely resulted from eating spoiled food so natural selection caused them to blame their last food consumed for their sickness). Used this as proof that organisms will make certain assocaitions faster due to their evolution.
Modern take on functionalism
Another example of how mental abilities have been refined through evolution is the fact that our attention is usually instantly drawn to fast moving objects in our peripheries - this mental tendancy may have helped our anchient ancestors notice and avoid predators, and therefore made them more likely to survive to the point of reproduction where they would pass on the genes for this ability.
Behaviorism
Comes after psychoanalysis.
John Watson- like how John Watson from Sherlock holmes studies Sherlocks behavior psychs John Watson studies human behavior, (behaviorism).
Believed that only observable behavior was worth studying
Inspired by Pavlov ( who would sound a tone each time he fed his dogs and found that even if he didn’t bring the food but did sound the tone the dogs would salivate proving that they associated the tone with the food) believed psych should focus on predicting responses from stimulus and alternatively determine the stimulus from the response.
B.F skinner
took Pavlovs experiment a step forwards, instead of focusing on creating assocaitations he focused on creating behaviors. Placed rats into boxes that had a lever that they could pull to cause food to be dispensed. Used a cumulative (like how the rats pulls built up over time - initially tentatively pulling it and then wildly pulling it) recorder (r like rats) to measure how often the lever was pulled. Found that the rats would initially accidnetally discover the lever, pull it tentatively and then pull it like crazy. However if given a lever that did not cause food to drop the rats would not pull it leading him to create the principle of reinforcement. Principle of reinforcement: If a behavior is rewarded it will be repreated, if a behavior is not rewarded it will not be repeated.
What is cognitive neuroscience
Marks a return to Structuralism’s principles of breaking down the mind into certain components, (which cognitive psychology does by studying different areas of the brain) and Functionalism’s goal of determining the function of the mind. Focuses on the brains relationship with the mind. Uses fMRI’s which show blood flow and therefore where activity is occuring (as neurons require oxygen from blood) in response to certain stimulus. Allows us to see what part of the brain is assocatied with what.
behavioral
Focuses on the relationship between behavior and the brain
Cultural psychology
Focuses on how culture affects mental processes
Cognitive psychology
Cognitive like cog, cogs work inside of a machine to create a response cognitive psychology similarly is concerned with how our internal processes create our behaviours
What is classical conditioning?
Classical like first, how Pavlovs experiment came before skinners, so therefore Classical conditioning deals with pavlov.
Classical contitioning occurs when an organism is made to associate a external stimulus with an external outcome, with the goal of causing them to involuntarily respond as if the outcome were present when they are exposed to the stimulus. involuntary response is created when an organism encounters a certain stimulus as they
What is operant conditioning?
Operant, like how skinners rats could volunatrily operate their levers.
Operant conditioning occurs when an organism produces a behavior as a result of external reinforcment.
