Psych chapter 4

Question 1

Free nerve endings

Answer 1

Send signals about tissue damage

Question 2

What are the cells that connect rods and cones to

Answer 2

Bipolar cells, (like how rod my old boss was kind of bipolar) if you are bipolar might have energy and take signals to gangs, as bipolar cells take electrical signals from retina to retinal ganglion cells
Retinal ganglion cells, (like how gangs organize) organize signals

Question 3

Binocular depth cues

Answer 3

More disparity closer = less disparity further - idea it will get better
When we view closer objects their will be more disparities between the images projected on both of our retinas then when we view objects that are further away

Question 4

Feature integration theory (FIT)

Answer 4

F like focused and fit we do not need focused attention to determine features but we do need focused attention to fit them together to create a whole image

Question 5

What is sensation?

Answer 5

The registration of stimuli, comes from topsl, (topsl stimulate), taste, odor, pressure, sound and light stimuli

Question 6

Perceptual organization types

Answer 6

CCCPS
Continuity - when two edges move in the same direction we view them as making a continus rather then seperate shapes
Clouser - where we close gaps in outlines to create a full outline
Common fate - if we see blinking bulbs we perceive them as the moving parts of one object
Simmilarity - if objects have simmilar shapes, textures, colors, and features we percieve them as coming from the same source
Proximity - our tendency to group objects that are in close proximity to each other together
Simplicity - when given multiple interpretations of an object when choose the simplest one

Question 7

What is stimulus detection theory?

Answer 7

SND sensitivity, noise and decision criterion, (if an individual is more likely to decide that they perceived a stimulus they are more liberal but if they are less likely to decide that they percieved a stimulus they are more conservative) can all impact stimulus detection

Question 8

How is loudness, frequency, timbre and location detected?

Answer 8

Loudness detected by activity in hair in cochlea
Frequency is detected through place coding, where which area in proximity to tip or base of basilar membrane fired the most action potentials, (will reflect frequency as weather tip or base moves depends on frequency and then the hair cells closest to whichever one moves the most in turn will also move more resulting in more action potenitals being fired). Or temporal coding - looks at times between peaks as reflected in action potentials to determine frequency
Timbre- its going down Im yelling timbre- like how hairs going down all across membrane can reflect frequency and therefore timbre
Location: pinna p like prioritize, part and place–> folds in pinna will alter sound causing certain parts of sound to be emphasized based on place where it came from. Sound travels slower then light especially at lower frequency so which side ear that hears lower frequency first is on will reflect which side sound source is on. Higher frequencies will be blocked by the head so will be less intense on side they are further from.

Question 9

What is the three principles about touch

Answer 9

OSW
Opposite hemisphere control. R.S of brain recieves tactile info from L.S
Sensitivity depends on the size of the area of the somantosensory coretex an area is represented by
Where and what pathways likely exist

Question 10

How do we detect motion

Answer 10

NRSD
Neural circuits will be activated by stimulation of different areas of the retina caused by the objects motion and use time and area of stimulation to determine the speed and direction of the object

Question 11

Dorsal stream

Answer 11

d weare of surroundings give us info about motion and location
connects to higher areas of temporal lobe

Question 12

Ventrical stream

Answer 12

v like vwhat used for determining what we are looking at v is lower in alphabet so connects to lower areas of temporal lobe

Question 13

proprioception

Answer 13

like proportions and perception, gives us information about the movement of our porportions, (limbs)
mtj sensory receptors in our muscles tendons and joints will send signals regarding movement and tell us how well we are performing desired movement and about resistance to movement

Question 14

What is the path of visual stimuli through the eye

Answer 14

CIPLROLTO
Cornea - c like curve, curves light to pupil
iris- like the iris flower can control how much light lets into center can control how much light is let into pupil
Pupil - hole in eye light goes through bends light onto retina projects images upside down and backwards onto retina
Lens- curves to see close relaxes to see far, myopia- nearsightedness, (the distance before sightedness = the distance the individual can see) so can see near but not far bc eye is too short- I am short and I have nearsigthedness
farsightedness (hypermyopia) can see far but not near, eye is too long
Retina - where images are projected upside down and backwards onto contains rods and cones
optic nerve - o like open blind spot in retina operates to transfer images from retina to lateral genticular nucleus
lateral genticular nucleus - on each side axons from retinal ganglion cells organize info to each side of brain lateral like refers to how stimuli from eye on one side will go to opp side of brain hemisphere
goes to thalamus then occipital lobe area VI primary occular coretex

Question 15

What are papvilla

Answer 15

papvilla transduce taste signals
like paprika villa where paprika taste would be processed, bumps on tongue that contain taste receptors who contain microvilla which react with tastant molecules from food

Question 16

Spacial acuity

Answer 16

Refers to our ability to differentiate between objects that are close together

Question 17

monocular depth cues

Answer 17

Cues regarding depth that we can determine when one of our eyes is closed
Ie objects that are closer to us will still appear larger with only one eye open and objects that are further from us will still appear larger - if we know the relative size of an object we can use the difference from this relative size to determine its distance
other monocular depth cues
LITR
Linear perception - like lines p like parrallel and point our perception that parallel lines meet at a far off point
Interposition- i like interupt (block) and infer refers to how when we see an object interupt (block) another object we will infer that the blocking object is closer
Texture gradiant - g like gain bc as we gain closeness we gain ability to discern texture - so the closer we get to objects the less uniform they appear and the more we can observe texture
Relative height - when I far gone I am often high - like how we view far off objects as higher in our visual feild and closer objects as lower in our visual feild

Question 18

What is sensitivity

Answer 18

The faintest level of stimuli that someone can percieve/is aware of

Question 19

What is absolute threshold?

Answer 19

Absolute threshold- the threshold for the strength of absolute vodka is under 50% alcohol content like how the absolute threshold for stimulus is when it is reported to be detected in 50% of trails. When absolute threshold is graphed the graph will be abruptly split from not detected to detected because the point of detection is defined as when it is reported as detected 50% of the time. The greater the absolute threshold of a stimuli the more intense it must be in order for it to be percieved in 50% of trials

Question 20

What is the just noticeable difference

Answer 20

The just noticeable difference for stimuli is the minimum level of difference between stimuli of a certain sense that can be perceived. Involves keeping a standard stimuli at a fixed level and then manipulating another one and determining at what point difference is reported as being only slightly detectable. Depends on Ti, type of stimuli and intensity of original stimuli. For example a less intense, more starting dim light will have a lower just detectable threshold- meaning that difference will be detected more easily so a lower level of difference is classified as barely detectable, a more starting bright light will have a higher just detectable threshold meaning that the difference between stimuli needs to be greater in order to be noticed- and therefore classified as barely detectable.

Question 21

What is werbers law

Answer 21

Werber’s law Wer like were able to determine difference as a among the same sensory properties is determined as a ratio that remains the same as intensity changes. For example if an individual holds a 25g and a 50g object in each hand they will identify the objects as being different weights however if they hold a 10kg object and an object whose weight =s 10kg + 25g they will likely not be able to determine the difference in weight. This proves that usually people do not define one object as heavier when it has a weight that is equal to or greater then 25g heavier then the other object, but rather that people percieve differences in weight when one object is double the weight of another object, (when two objects have a 2:1 weight ratio)

Question 22

What is haptic perception

Answer 22

h like hands our perception based on what our hands physically grasp

Question 23

How are cones and rods different

Answer 23

Cones CDF color, day time vision, fine detail
3 different types for detecting different wavelengths of light l-cones for detecting colors associated with long wave lengthes (red) m- cones (colors associated with medium wave lengthers) and s cones (used for detecting colors with short wavelengths ie purple I am short adn my fav color is purple)
Cones work in color opposition system - refers to how pairs of cons work in opposition with each other, (medium is worst so medium is most opposed) l- cons work in opposition with m - cons and s- cons work in opposition with m - cons. Working in opposition with each other means that in order to see white alll 3 must be firing =ly if one becomes fatigued, (the result of sensory adaptation) from staring at the color it is associated with for too long its opposing con will still fire equally but have nothing to balance its signals out with resulting in an afterimage, a tint of a certain color

only found in fovea, (center of retina where vision is the most focused) - 6 million
Rods - nightime vision see as grey, not found in fovea - 120 million

Question 24

What is perception?

Answer 24

Perception is the process that identifies, organizes and gives meaning to stimulus. Reading words for example involves physical signals from light reflecting off of the page being captured by sensory receptors in the eyes which send electrical signals to the central nervous system where the brain defines the shapes as words and concepts.

Question 25

What are the types of hearing damage

Answer 25

Conductive - issues with ossicles or eardrum
Senseorineural - contains the word neural issues with transducing sound into neural signals –> issues with the cochlea

Question 26

Where are scent receptors

Answer 26

10 million scent receptors in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, (epithelium like helium bc allow us to smell helium and also laughing gas- hydrogen and helium given during filling of cavities in the nasal cavity) axons from the olfactory epithelium connect to the oflactory bulb, (o like over olfactory epithelium b like below frontal coretex)

Question 27

What molecules make up taste

Answer 27

Tastant molecules five types
Sour Sweets makes me Salty and Bitter but Umami is good, spicy is measured by thermoreceptors instead

Question 28

what is psychophysics

Answer 28

p like people, p like perception, physi like physical because focuses on the relationship between peoples perceptions and the physical properties of stimuli

Question 29

Vestibular tubes

Answer 29

Involved in sense of balance - fluid movement in semicircular canals causes for the bending of hairs which activates the vestibular nerve

Question 30

What is acuity

Answer 30

acuity like acute- means small, like acutely (slightly) different, refers to ability to detect difference among simmilar stimuli

Question 31

What molecules cause scent

Answer 31

odorant molecules ex. benzalhyde, hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs) and vanillan
hyde, hyde and vanillan like villan hydes dr jeckles and mr hyde villian, villans smelly
Scent connected with memories and emotions

Question 32

Tactile receptor feild

Answer 32

In sensory receptors

Question 33

How does sound travel through the ear

Answer 33

PAEOOC
Sound is captured by the pinna, (p like prioritize, part and place - folds in pinna alter sound causing certain parts to be prioritized depending on where its from (place)), funneled into auditory cannal, where its vibrations hit an airtight sac called the eardrum, the vibrations of the eardrum will then cause the ossicles, (has hammer, anvil and stirrups) to amplify vibrations which will hit the oval membrane, (membrane that seperates middle and inner ear) which connects to the cochlea, c like contains fluid and hairs attached to axons whoose movement cause vibrations to be converted to action potentials cochlea like conch –> shell–> shaped like a snail shell, it is important that ossicles amplify vibration as more energy will be needed to produce og vibration level of vibration in cochlea as liquid is harder to vibrate then air, Basilar membrane b like base and brings, bc its stiff base will move if the frequencies of vibrations are high, (b is high in the alphabet so base moves with high vibrations and therefore high pitches) and its floppy tip will move if vibrations are low, (t like tip is low in the alphabet like how tip moves with low vibrations and therefore low pitches) the movement of the basilar membrane will then bring the fluid back and forth which will cause hair cells to bend especially ones closest to section of basilar membrane that is moving and to fire action potentials corresponding with frequency peaks.

Question 34

What is sound

Answer 34

this is a sound cap
Changes in air pressure over time

Question 35

Illusory conjunction

Answer 35

IC like I see ID like identify features as coming from incorrect source, ex experiment where a blue “A” and a red “B” were surrounded by other digets when asked to report the colors of the letters participants often wrongly reported the “A” as red and the “B” as blue

Question 36

How do sensory receptors interact with different types of stimuli

Answer 36

Sensory receptors will generally only be stimulated by one type of stimuli ex, our skin is not stimulated by visual light however some like the ones in the eyes are exceptions to this as they will be activated by mechanical pressure however they will still send electrical signals to areas associated with processing sight in the brain when this occurs. This will cause the mechanical pressure to be interpreted as light stimuli - we can see this if we put our finger close to our eye we will see little sparks of light.

Question 37

What are the 3 properties of light

Answer 37

Length - determines hue (color) (we have talked at length about color) - measures area between peaks of wavelengths
Amplitude - a if you get an a you are bright so a like amplitude determines brightness, measures diff between lowest and highest point of one wavelength
Purity- purely one wavelength and therefore one color or multiple wavelengths and therefore multiple colors, measusred in terms of saturation

Question 38

Referred pain

Answer 38

when internal pain is reffered outside, people feel internal pain on an external structure is caused by the meeting of external and internal pain signals in the spinal cord, ex people having heart attacks might feel pain in their arms

Question 39

What are the 3 properties of hearing

Answer 39

Frequency FP like how skeet ulrich might have stayed to play FP jones in RD writers had pitched better ideas–> frequency = pitch. Is measured in hrtz, refers to the number of time it takes between peaks in vibrations. Higher frwuency = higher pitch, lower frequency = lower pitch
Amplitude - I am amped up to go to a loud concert measures intensity as loudness in decibles, measures difference from lowest point to peak of a sound wave
Complexity - refers to timbre, our ability to tell apart different sounds with the same pitch and loudness–> communicates how many different frequencies are present- simple sound if only one frequency present, very rare

Question 40

What is ventriloquist illusion

Answer 40

How we use our vision - watching mouth movements- over our auditory senses in determining locations of speech

Question 41

what is movement afterimage

Answer 41

our motion detectors work in opposition, stillness is created by them firing equally so if one has become fatigued the other will be able to fire more resulting in us precieving motion that is in the opp direction from the motion we were just viewing when there is none

Question 42

What is noise

Answer 42

Noise is defined as motivations, memories, and that are associated with sensory information resulting in shifts in focus. Noise can result in a stimulus not being detected or a non present stimulus falsely identified as being played.

Question 43

Gate control theory

Answer 43

Feedback from the brain, (specifically the Periadequatal Grey- adequate like mid bc is in mid brain sends feedback to spinal cord) and the skin can cause gates for pain signals can be closed by interneurons in the spinal cord