Psychology Chapter One Flashcards
Define Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and the mind
When did the field of psychology emerge?
Mid 19th century
Who studied psychology before it was a science?
Philosophers and physiologists
Define mind as psychologists do
The contents and processes of subjective experience: sensations, thoughts, and emotions.
Define behavior:
Observable actions such as moving about, talking, gesturing, and so on; behaviors can also refer to the activities of cells and to thoughts and feelings
Clinical psychologists:
Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems (Ph.D. or Psy.D.)
Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems (Ph.D. or Psy.D.)
Clinical psychologists
Counseling psychologists:
Similar to Clinical psychologists, they provide human services that deal with adjustment problems, versus clinical psychologists working with psychological disorders. (Ph.D. or Ed.D.)
Similar to Clinical psychologists, provide human services that deal with adjustment problems, versus clinical psychologists working with psychological disorders. (Ph.D. or Ed.D.)
Counseling psychologists
Psychiatrists
Medical doctors who specialize in psychiatry, are licensed to prescribe medicine.
Medical doctors who specialize in psychiatry, are licensed to prescribe medicine.
Psychiatrist
Applied Psychologists
Psychologists who extend the principles of scientific psychology to practical problems in the world
Psychologists who extend the principles of scientific psychology to practical problems in the world
Applied Psychologists
Work with students in primary and secondary schools to help them perform well academically and socially
School psychologist
employed in industry to help improve morale, train new recruits, or help managers establish effective lines of communication
Industrial/organizational psychologists
Those who apply psychological principles to legal issues
Forensic psychologists
Those who help design and engineer new products
Human factors psychologists
Research psychologists
Psychologists who try to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind
Psychologists who try to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind
Research psychologists
Empiricism
The idea that knowledge comes directly from experience
The idea that knowledge comes directly from experience
Empiricism
Nativism
The idea that some knowledge is innate, or present at birth
The idea that some knowledge is innate, or present at birth
Nativism
Gestalt psychology
A fixed way of viewing the world, which experience cannot change.
A movement proposing that certain organizing principles of perception are innate and cannot be altered by experience
A movement proposing that certain organizing principles of perception are innate and cannot be altered by experience
Gestalt psychology
Darwin’s theory of evolution
How natural selection plays a role in psychology
Nature vs nurture
The belief that certain psychological characteristics are influenced by genetics
Wilhelm Wundt
Established the first psychology laboratory; was a medical doctor by training, the father of psychology in 1879.
Founded Structuralism
Structuralism
An early school of psychology, founded by Wundt and Titchener; structuralists tried to understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts, much as a chemist might try to understand a chemical compound
An early school of psychology, founded by Wundt and Titchener; structuralists tried to understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts, much as a chemist might try to understand a chemical compound
Structuralism
Systemic introspection
Used in structuralism, requiring people to provide rigorous self-reports of their own experiences.
Used in structuralism, requiring people to provide rigorous self-reports of their own experiences.
Systemic introspection
Functionalism
An early school of psychology; functionalists believed that the proper way to understand mind and behavior is to first analyze their function and purpose. William James and James Rowland Angell. Darwin’s theory greatly influenced this belief.
An early school of psychology; functionalists believed that the proper way to understand mind and behavior is to first analyze their function and purpose. William James and James Rowland Angell. Darwin’s theory greatly influenced this belief.
Functionalism
Behaviorism
A school of psychology proposing that the only proper subject matter of psychology is observable behavior rather than immediate conscious experience. John Watson and B.F. Skinner
A school of psychology proposing that the only proper subject matter of psychology is observable behavior rather than immediate conscious experience. John Watson and B.F. Skinner
Behaviorism
John Watson championed what psychological perspective?
Behaviorism
William James championed what psychological perspective?
Functionalism
Wundt and Titchener championed what psychological perspective?
Structuralism
Sigmund Freud
A trained neurologist who developed the therapeutic approach of psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
A term used by Freud to describe his theory of mind and system of therapy; the belief that the mind must be analyzed extensively before effective treatments can begin. Focused on dreams
A term used by Freud to describe his theory of mind and system of therapy; the belief that the mind must be analyzed extensively before effective treatments can begin. Focused on dreams
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic psychology
A movement in psychology that focuses on people’s unique capabilities for choice, responsibility, and growth. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Rejected Freud’s pessimism and believed in the goodness of people.
A movement in psychology that focuses on people’s unique capabilities for choice, responsibility, and growth. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Rejected Freud’s pessimism and believed in the goodness of people.
Humanistic psychology
Mary Whiton Calkins
President of the APA
Margaret Floy Washburn
First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, who became the second female president of the APA
Helen Thompson Wolley
Pioneer the study of sex differences, abolishing myths about women.
Eclectic approach
The idea that it’s useful to select information from several sources rather than to rely entirely on a single perspective or school of thought.
The idea that it’s useful to select information from several sources rather than to rely entirely on a single perspective or school of thought.
Eclectic approach
Cognitive revolution
The shift away from strict behaviorism, begun in the 1950s, characterized by renewed interest in fundamental problems of consciousness and internal mental processes
The shift away from strict behaviorism, begun in the 1950s, characterized by renewed interest in fundamental problems of consciousness and internal mental processes
Cognitive revolution
Evolutionary Psychology
A movement proposing that we’re born with mental processes and “software” that was acquired through natural selection in our ancestral past and help us to solve specific adaptive problems.
A movement proposing that we’re born with mental processes and “software” that was acquired through natural selection in our ancestral past and help us to solve specific adaptive problems.
Evolutionary Psychology
Culture
The shared values, customs, and beliefs of a group or community.
