Psychology chapter 7 - learning and conditioning

Question 1

Personal adaptation

Answer 1

Learning way - focuses on how behaviour changes in reponse to environmental stimuli

Question 2

habituation

Answer 2

Form of learning: reponse strength decreases when stimulus is repeated

– Allows organisms to conserve energy and attend to other important stimuli

Question 3

sensitization

Answer 3

an increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus

Question 4

habituation and sensitization is about

Answer 4

simplest form of learning, learning relationships among events

Question 5

2 typs of conditioning

Answer 5

1) Classical (or‘Pavlovian’) conditioning
2) Operant (or‘instrumental’) conditioning

Question 6

classical conditioning (pavlov)

Answer 6

an organism learns to associate two stimuli (e.g., a song
and a pleasant event), such that one stimulus (the song) comes to elicit a response (feeling
happy) that was originally elicited only by the other stimulus (the pleasant event).

Question 7

Acquisition refers to

Answer 7

the period during which a response is being learned. (pavlov conditioning, combining the tone and food to make dog eventually salivate to only the tone, all the trials are during the acquisition time)

Question 8

Neutral stimulus

Answer 8

the thing/stimulus you eventually want a certain responded to (bell tone in dog experiment)

Question 9

unconditioned stimulus US

Answer 9

a stimulus that brings out a reflexive or innate response
(the UCR) without prior learning.

(the food)

Question 10

Unconditioned response UR

Answer 10

a reflexive or innate response that is elicited by a stimulus the US without prior learning.

(the salvation)

Question 11

Innate is in Nederlands

Answer 11

aangeboren

Question 12

Conditioned stimulus CS

Answer 12

Stimulus that trough association with US (food) comes to bring out a conditioned response (salvation) similar to the original response (salvation)

Question 13

Conditioned response CR

Answer 13

a response brought out by a
conditioned stimulus (salivating when hearing the tone)

Question 14

stimulus is generalized, meaning

Answer 14

hearing tones is a different but mostly similar hight, will also cause the CR (salvation)
but LESS

Question 15

Extinction is a process in which

Answer 15

the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the US, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear.

Rest period after this

Question 16

Spontaneous recovery is

Answer 16

the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trial

Question 17

compensatory reaction hypothesis

Answer 17

CS results inopposite response as the US

Question 18

biological predisposition by Lorenz

Answer 18

Learn proces in which early social interaction influences the lasting behaviour.
occurs when an animal forms an attachment to the first thing it sees upon hatching

Question 19

operant conditioning (Skinner)

Answer 19

Learning form in which behaviour is influenced by the consequences
that follow it

Question 20

law of effect (Thorndike)

Cat in puzzle box experiment

Answer 20

Response will be more/less likely to occur depending on the consequence

• Satisfying consequence, response more likely
• Annoying consequence, response less likely

Question 21

reinforcement

Answer 21

Increase in behaviour

Response is strengthened by an
outcome that follows it

Question 22

punishment

Answer 22

Descrease in behaviour

Response is weakened by outcomes
that follow it

Question 23

observational learning

Answer 23

learning that occurs by observing
the behaviour of a model

(when you see aggression you will be more aggresive)

Question 24

4 basic learning processes

Answer 24

1) habituation & sensitization
2) classical conditioning
3) operant conditioning
4) observational learning