Psychology chapter 7 - learning and conditioning Flashcards
Personal adaptation
Learning way - focuses on how behaviour changes in reponse to environmental stimuli
habituation
Form of learning: reponse strength decreases when stimulus is repeated
– Allows organisms to conserve energy and attend to other important stimuli
sensitization
an increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus
habituation and sensitization is about
simplest form of learning, learning relationships among events
2 typs of conditioning
1) Classical (or‘Pavlovian’) conditioning
2) Operant (or‘instrumental’) conditioning
classical conditioning (pavlov)
an organism learns to associate two stimuli (e.g., a song
and a pleasant event), such that one stimulus (the song) comes to elicit a response (feeling
happy) that was originally elicited only by the other stimulus (the pleasant event).
Acquisition refers to
the period during which a response is being learned. (pavlov conditioning, combining the tone and food to make dog eventually salivate to only the tone, all the trials are during the acquisition time)
Neutral stimulus
the thing/stimulus you eventually want a certain responded to (bell tone in dog experiment)
unconditioned stimulus US
a stimulus that brings out a reflexive or innate response
(the UCR) without prior learning.
(the food)
Unconditioned response UR
a reflexive or innate response that is elicited by a stimulus the US without prior learning.
(the salvation)
Innate is in Nederlands
aangeboren
Conditioned stimulus CS
Stimulus that trough association with US (food) comes to bring out a conditioned response (salvation) similar to the original response (salvation)
Conditioned response CR
a response brought out by a
conditioned stimulus (salivating when hearing the tone)
stimulus is generalized, meaning
hearing tones is a different but mostly similar hight, will also cause the CR (salvation)
but LESS
Extinction is a process in which
the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the US, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear.
Rest period after this
Spontaneous recovery is
the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trial
compensatory reaction hypothesis
CS results inopposite response as the US
biological predisposition by Lorenz
Learn proces in which early social interaction influences the lasting behaviour.
occurs when an animal forms an attachment to the first thing it sees upon hatching
operant conditioning (Skinner)
Learning form in which behaviour is influenced by the consequences
that follow it
law of effect (Thorndike)
Cat in puzzle box experiment
Response will be more/less likely to occur depending on the consequence
- Satisfying consequence, response more likely
- Annoying consequence, response less likely
reinforcement
Increase in behaviour
Response is strengthened by an
outcome that follows it
punishment
Descrease in behaviour
Response is weakened by outcomes
that follow it
observational learning
learning that occurs by observing
the behaviour of a model
(when you see aggression you will be more aggresive)
4 basic learning processes
1) habituation & sensitization
2) classical conditioning
3) operant conditioning
4) observational learning
