Psychology: Chapter 6

Question 1

process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

Answer 1

Habituation

Question 2

form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Answer 2

Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian)

Question 3

stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Answer 3

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Question 4

automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned

Answer 4

Unconditioned Response

Question 5

response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning

Answer 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 6

initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Question 7

learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

Answer 7

Acquisition

Question 8

gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

Extinction

Question 9

sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 10

sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was aquired

Answer 10

Renewal Effect

Question 11

process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but no identical, to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

Answer 11

Stimulus Generalization

Question 12

process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 13

developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus

Answer 13

Higher-Order Conditioning

Question 14

difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we’ve repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 14

Latent Inhibition

Question 15

sexual attraction to non-living things

Answer 15

Fetishism

Question 16

learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behavior

Answer 16

Operant Conditioning

Question 17

principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future

Answer 17

Law of Effect

Question 18

grasping the underlying nature of a problem

Answer 18

Insight

Question 19

small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised

Answer 19

Skinner Box

Question 20

outcomes of consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Answer 20

Reinforcement

Question 21

presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Answer 21

Positive Reinforcement

Question 22

removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Answer 22

Negative Reinforcement

Question 23

outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior

Answer 23

Punishment

Question 24

stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement

Answer 24

Discriminative Stimulus

Question 25

pattern of reinforcing a behavior

Answer 25

Schedule of Reinforcement

Question 26

reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction that only occasional reinforcement

Answer 26

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 27

only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually

Answer 27

Partial Reinforcement

Question 28

pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses

Answer 28

Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule

Question 29

pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specific time interval

Answer 29

Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule

Question 30

pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average with the number varying randomly

Answer 30

Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule

Question 31

pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly

Answer 31

Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

Question 32

conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target

Answer 32

Shaping by Successive Approximation

Question 33

neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer

Answer 33

Secondary Reinforcer

Question 34

item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior

Answer 34

Primary Reinforcer

Question 35

learning that’s not directly observable

Answer 35

Latent Learning

Question 36

mental representation of how a physical space is organized

Answer 36

Cognitive Map

Question 37

learning by watching others

Answer 37

Observational Learning

Question 38

cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action

Answer 38

Mirror Neuron

Question 39

evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value

Answer 39

Preparedness

Question 40

tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

Answer 40

Instinctive Drift

Question 41

an individual’s preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information

Answer 41

Learning Style