Psychology Chapter 1 Flashcards
Learn the important facts of chapter 1
What does Psyche mean?
Soul
What is Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
What does Logos Mean?
To study
What are the four main goals of psychology?
To Describe, Predict, Explain and Control all parts of the human mind and body when it relates to periods of stress
What does Describe do in relation to psychology?
Objectively describe the experience the person or persons is going through
What does PREDICT do in relation to psychology?
Predicts the kinds of causes that will inhibit stress: EX: Upcoming exams
What does Explain do in relation to psychology?
Explains why someone might be more vulnerable to said stress. Why some are more likely to feel stressed compared to others
What does Control do in relation to Psychology?
Change or Influence our subject in accordance to the stress. Seek coping strategies to better deal with stress
What is Nativism and who discovered it?
Plato: The idea of certain kinds of knowledge are innately born within us
What is Empiricism and who discovered it?
Aristotle: It is the idea that all knowledge is acquired through experience
What were the early psychological perspectives?
Structuralism, functionalism and behavioralism
What was structuralism?
Founded by Edward Tietchner and it focused on sensory parts of our body to understand psychology
What was Behavioralism
The idea that human behavior could even be studied to begin with
Functionalism?
The idea that the world around us influenced our psychology
What is the difference between a Psychologist and a Psychiatrist
A psychiatrist can and will prescribe medications to you. While a Psychologist provides testing and evaluation of a paitient
What is the Scientific Method?
The Scientific Method is a set of assumptions, attitudes and procedures that guide researchers
What is a hypothesis, how does it compare to a theory
An estimated guess or a suggestion to an answer. While a theory is an estimated guess based off of reasoning and evidence
What is a descriptive Study
A study designed to test out multiple designated descriptions of hypotheses
What is an experimental study
A study in which researchers alter variables to get their outcomes
Why is it important to make random selections in your testing?
It is really important to do this to show how your research can affect everyone, not just one group
What is a correlational study?
It is a research study that focuses on the difference between variables with no manipulations
What is an independent variable
An independent variable is a variable that is manipulated with in an experiment
What is a dependent variable?
A variable that is not changed throughout an experiment
What is a single-blind experiment?
It is an experiment where the test subjects are unaware of which testing group they’ve been placed into
What is a double-blind experiment?
It is an experiment where in neither the experimenters or the test subjects are aware who is testing who
What is the placebo affect?
When people consciously feel better after taking “Fake” pills
What is demand characteristics?
social cues given to the researchers that may lead the test subjects to social changes
What are the 5 demands of APA based experiments
Must be Non-maleasable, the testers must hold responsibility, the experiments must have a level of integrity, Psychologists must put their biases aside and strive for a sense of just, They must respect peoples rights and integrity
What are the two main types of brain cells?
Neurons and Glial cells
What are the two main parts of the neuron
The axon and the Soma
What is the axon
A thin wire in the neuron that transmits electrical signals to other parts of the neuron
What is the soma
The soma keeps the neuron alive and connects the other axons to send electrical signals to each other
What are the three types of Neuron
Afferent, Efferent and Interneuron
What does an Afferent (sensory) neuron do?
Conveys info to the brain from specialized receptor cells in sensory organs
What does an Efferent (motor) neuron do?
Conveys info from the brain to muscles/glands- If you wanna move your muscles, you send information through your spinal cord to move.
What does an Interneuron do?
Conveys info between neurons
What are the major types of Glial cells?
Microglia, Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes:
What does Microglia do?
Do the “clean up” work and help get rid of anything that shouldn’t be in the brain. Such as dying neurons
What do the astrocytes do?
Structural support, provide nutrients. They have star-like protrusions. They have little end feet that can clamp onto parts of the brain. Help create the blood brain barrier.
What do Oligodendrocytes do?
Form myelin sheath (Looks like a tie fighter) They have multiple arms and each arm can wrap around segments of the axon and helps create myelin.
What is the two ways neurons communicate
Resting potential and Action Potential
What is action potential
When the neuron is charged with electricity and electricity is ready to move down the axon
What is myelin
A wrap that goes around the Axon and protects the energy from leaking out
What cells produce myeline
Oligodendrocytes
What are the Nodes of Ranvier?
Myelin gaps in the axon
What are common neurotransmitters
Serotonin and Dopamine
What is Agonist
agonist produces a response by binding to a receptor on the cell.
What is Antogonist
antagonist opposes the action by binding to the receptor, i.e., it blocks these receptors and renders them ineffective.
What are the major divisions in the nervous system
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
What is the endocrine system
Your endocrine system is in charge of creating and releasing hormones to maintain countless bodily functions
What are hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues
What is the pituitary gland
It starts puberty and releases and stores all your hormones
What does the adrenal gland do?
The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone
What is neuroplasticity?
the ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections, especially in response to learning or experience or following injury:
What are the major ways to study brain functions
MRI, Computerized Topography scans, dMRI,
What does an MRI stand for and what does it do?
Magnetized Resonance Imaging, Puts you into a big ass tube uses electromagnetic signals generated by the body in response to magnetic fields.
What does a CT scan do?
Puts a bunch of wires in your head and has repetive x-rays of your brain
What is Neurogenesis (Evangelion)
The development of new neurons that are incorporated into existing neural networks
Where can neurogenesis occur
Olfactory bulb
Hippocampus
What are the three main regions of the brain
Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain
What is the hindbrain
Region at the base of brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord
What makes up the hindbrain
Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum, Reticular Formation
What is the midbrain?
Contains structures involved in processing visual and auditory information
What is the forebrain
Cerebrum, Limbic System and Cerebral Cortex
What is Pons?
Helps coordinate movements on left and right side of the body
What is Medulla
Controls breathing heartbeat and other vital life functions
What is Cerebullum?
Coordinates movement, balance and posture
What is reticular formation?
Helps regulate attention and alertness
Network of nerve fibers located in center of the medulla
Helps regulate attention, arousal and sleep
What is the corpus Callosum
Connects both hemispheres of the brain
What is the cerebral cortex
Divided into two hemispheres and responsible for sophisticated mental functions.
What the hippocampus
Involved in forming new memories
What the FUCK is the amygdala
Involved in memory and emotion, especially fear and anger
What is a hypothalamus
Links brain and endocrine system; regulates hunger, thirst, sleep and sexual behaviors
What is regular ass Thalamus
Processes and integrates sensory information; relays sensory information to cerebral cortex.
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM?
Group of forebrain structures involved in emotion, motivation learning and memory
What are the four LOBES of the brain
Occipital, Frontal (FNAF REFERENCE HOLY SHIT), Parietal, Temporal
What is Homunculus
Sensory parts of our body expanded… Lips and Hands are giant
Split Brain
Cutting the paths between left and right brain
Does the theory of left and right brained people actually real
no.
What does the right side of your brain specialize in in accordance to vision
Focuses on geometric patterns, faces and emotional responses
What does the right side of your brain specialize in with accordance to Hearing
non language sounds and music
What does the right side of your brain specialize in with accordance to memory and spacial awareness
Memory focuses on Non verbal memory and Sense of direction
What does right brain do with Language
Emotional Tone of speech
Left brain with accordance to language
Speech, Grammar rules, reading, writing, arithmetic.
Left brain Spacial awareness
nuttin’
Left brain hearing
Language sounds
Left brain memories
Verbal Memories
Left brain vision
Focuses on words and letters
What causes a concussion
What the brain rattles against the skull
What is Phrenology?
The vaguely relevant part of Gall’s goofball concept was the different parts of the brain have different functions. The moronic part was the idea that you could determine this through feeling bumps on the outside of the skull. The evil part was that Nazi’s used his long debunked techniques weed-out un-desirable people in their “eugenics” program.
What is Phrenology?
The vaguely relevant part of Gall’s goofball concept was the different parts of the brain have different functions. The moronic part was the idea that you could determine this through feeling bumps on the outside of the skull. The evil part was that Nazi’s used his long debunked techniques weed-out un-desirable people in their “eugenics” program.
