Psych chapter 7-8 FINAL EXAM Flashcards
What is Thinking?
involves the manipulations of mental representations of info in order to draw inferences and conclusions
What is mental imaging
The mental representation of objects in the mind
What’s a concept
A mental category for objects that are based on similar lines of thinking
Whats a prototype
A more typical instance of a particular object
what is an exemplar
Individual instances of concepts and categories
What is Cognition
The general term for mental awareness of taking in and using knowledge
What areas of the brain are used when seeing faces
The Fusiform Face Area,
What areas of the brain are used when imagining faces
Parahippocampal Place Area
What different strategies are used to solve problems?
Trial and error, Algorithm, Heuristics, Insight
What is the trial and error process
The act of trying, failing and then taking what you learned from the failure to try again
What is algorithmic problem solving
Using a specific rule or method that is guaranteed to produce the right answer: like a math problem Y=mx+b
What is Heuristics
Following a general rule of thumb to reduce all the possible solutions
What is Insight
A sudden realization of how a problem is solved
what are some obstacles to solving problems
Functional Fixedness and Mental Set
What is Functional Fixedness
Tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way
What is Mental set
Tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past
What are some decision making strategies
Single-Featured Model, Additive Model, Elimination-by-Aspects model
What is the single featured model
Making a decision by focusing on one particular aspect
What is additive model decision making model
Systematically analyzing the positive aspects of all options
What is the elimination by aspects model
Rating choices based on features, and then eliminating them when they don’t reach certain criteria
What is Availability Heuristics?
The probability of the outcome of an event based off of previous experiences
What is representativeness heuristics
The likelihood of an event taking place is estimated and compared to to how other similar events happen
Why do unwarranted beliefs exist
They are obstacles of actual factual evidence that go against a certain parties personal beliefs, even if they are objectively right and just
What is Language
A system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements
Does ASL count as a language
YES
How does language impact perception?
In a process called the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis: differences among languages result in different reactions amongst common speak
According to Noah Chomsky: How do Children Learn?
Every child is born predestined to seek out language.
Around what age do babies start to form words?
12 Months
When does the ability to learn new languages decline for babies
6-7 years old
What are the benefits of bilingualism?
A better ability to control attention and
Who was Alfred Binet
A scientist who created the first IQ test
What is Intelligence
Global capacity to think rational, act purposefully and deal effectively with the environment
Why was Binet initally trying to create the IQ test
He wanted to find a way to measure intelligence to give extra help kids who need it
Who was Lewis terman
Translated these early IQ tests into English and introduced it to the states
What does IQ stand for?
Intelligence Quotient
how were intelligence tests used for immigration
People were turned back at Ellis Island if they weren’t smart enough
Who was David Weschler
Developed the WAIS intelligence tests which worked for both written and vocal intelligence tests
What makes for a good IQ test
Standardization, Reliability and Validity
How do you measure IQ
You take chronological age/ mental age and MULTIPLY IT… 100!
What were Charles Spearman’s views
Invented G-Factor and argues there should only be a single intelligence score
What is G-Factor
A general intelligence factor that is responsible for a persons overall performance on tests of mental ability
Who was Howard Gardener and what were his views
argued there are several different types of intelligence. At least 8.
What was Robert Sternberg’s views
Created the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence:
What is the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
Three factors of intelligence made up of: Analytic, Creative, Practical
Why is there still so much disagreements on modern intelligence tests
IQ is measured differently throughout the world
What is Motivation?
Biological, emotional, cognitive or social forces that activate and direct behavior
What are the different motivation theory?
Instinct theory, Drive Theories, Goal Objects, Arousal Theory
What is Instinct Theory
Certain motivations have been long planted in us by our natural evolution as animals
What is drive theory
Replaced instinct theory, emphasized that we are motivated to help us make ourselves well. Our body has a middle ground, and we are motivated to keep ourselves in that middle ground
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Broke down human needs. Starting at basic human needs (shelter/food) and later self-fulfillment needs
What are Goal Objects Theory
Certain behaviors are only drawn because of a reward waiting for someone at the end of it.
What is Arousal Theory
When arousal is low, we seek exciting things. When arousal is too high, we seek more boring things
What is Self Determination Theory
optimal human functioning can occur only if innate, psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are satisfied
What is Achievement Goal Theory?
desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding or outperforming others at a task
What is Hunger?
Hunger is a biological motive for us to eat based off of biological and social presences
What is Ghrelin
A hormone manufactured in the stomach lining that helps with food intake and metabolism
What is Leptin
A hormone that helps regulate body weight
What are the
physiological signals that happen right before and after eating
A drop in blood glucose and an increase in insulin and a rise in Ghrelin
How are classical conditioning used in eating signals
The time of day you eat (conditioned stimulus) elicits internal changes (Conditioned Response)such as levels of insulin, glucose and ghrelin change.
How are operant conditioning used in eating signals
When we have a preference for certain tastes (like pizza) our internal changes will adjust accordingly to how much we enjoy certain foods
What is Satiety
Satiation: the feeling of being full after eating too much
What is Sensory-Specific Satiety
When you’re tired of eating just one food. Tired of eating pizza, go get some ice cream
What are the long-term signals that influence weight
Leptin, Insulin and Neuropeptide Y
What factors come to extreme weight gain
Genetics, habitual intake of extreme calories, lack of exercise
How are dopamine receptors different in obese individuals vs. healthy weight individuals?
Obese people were found to have less dopamine receptors, they feel an increase of dopamine whenever they eat.
What are Emotions
complex psychological state that involves 3 distinct, but related, components
What are the components that make up emotions
Cognitive Experience, Physiological Response, Behavioral Response
What is Cognitive Experience
The way a person thinks and processes the world around them
What is Physiological response
a bodily reaction to a stimulus or event, usually caused by automatic processes in the nervous system
How do emotions compare to moods
Emotions are brief and fleeting, clear and distinct. However moods are longer and often have conflicting and confusing emotions behind them
Why do we have emotions
because they serve as a vital survival mechanism, allowing us to quickly react to situations
What did Darwin notice about emotions in animals
emotions reflect evolutionary adaptations to problems of survival and reproduction and inform others about our individual states
How can gender affect emotions
For gender both parties feel the same emotions, its just the different way they express it
How can culture affect emotions
The values of the culture you live in can change the way people interact with common emotions
What are the basic emotions
Joy, Sadness, fear, disgust, anger
What is the relationship between emotions and the sympathetic nervous system?
The emotions you feel impact the sympathetic nervous system by activating your fight and flight instincts
What is the amygdala
activates when seeing threatening or fearful faces or when hearing sounds related to fear
What is the slow pathway to the amygdala
Thalamus–> Cortex–> Amygdala
What is the quick pathway to the amygdala
Thalamus –> amygdala
Why are the pathways to the amygdala important
The amygdala can intake information that we don’t see. Yet if we still detect danger, we can still understand that danger is present
What happens if the amygdala is injured
You turn into the man without fear… The Daredevil
What other areas of the brain are important for feeling emotions
Hypothalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal corte4x
What is the James Lange Theory of Emotion
emotions arise from the perception of body change
What is facial feedback hypothesis
Expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes to us subjectively experience that emotion
What is the major evidence supporting the james lange theory
PET Scans looking similar and people who are sensitive to their own body signals felt periods of anxiety
What is the Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion
Emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that is applied to explain it. Arousal alone will not produce emotional response
What is the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
Emotions result from cognitive appraisal of a situations effect on personal well-being Emphasizes cognitive appraisal as essential trigger for emotional response
