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Psychology Exam 1. Chapters 1-2 > Psychology 3 Chapters 5-6 Learning And Memory > Flashcards

Psychology 3 Chapters 5-6 Learning And Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Learning

A

A relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience

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2
Q

What is Conditioning?

A

Process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

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3
Q

What are the three types of Conditioning

A

Classical, Operant, Observational

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4
Q

What is Classical Conditioning or CS

A

Repeatedly linking a neutral stimulus with a response producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response

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5
Q

What is Operant Conditioning

A

The theory that learning behavior is influenced by its punishments

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6
Q

What is Observational Conditioning

A

The process of learning by watching others and retaining that information

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7
Q

Who is Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian Physiologist who trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell

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8
Q

What is UCS

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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9
Q

What is CS

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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10
Q

What is UCR

A

Unconditioned Response

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11
Q

What is CR

A

Conditioned response

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12
Q

What factors could influence conditioning

A

Timing, Stimulus Generalization, Stimulus Discrimination

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13
Q

How does timing affect conditioning

A

Conditioning most effective when the CS is presented before the unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

What is Stimulus Generalization

A

Learning a response not only to the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli

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15
Q

What is stimulus discrimination

A

Learning a response to a certain stimulus but not to other similar stimuli

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16
Q

What is Extinction in learning

A

The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior

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17
Q

What is spontaneous recovery

A

It is the reappearance of a once extinct conditioned response

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18
Q

Who was John Watson

A

John Watson founded BEHAVIORALISM and studied the fact that all human behavior is a result of conditioning and learning

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19
Q

Who was baby Albert

A

A totally unknown baby who was subjugated on and introduced to cute fluffy animals and whenever he approached them, Watson would bang a metal pipe scaring him. Albert learned never to approach the fluffy animals

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20
Q

How do more contemporary cognitive psychologists approach classical conditioning

A

The belief that Reliable and unreliable signals need processing

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21
Q

What evidence is there that classical conditioning is important from an evolutionary perspective

A

We learned from evolution how to avoid predators. You see a snake, you jump to get out of the way. Humans are biologically prepared to develop fears that may harm us

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22
Q

What is biological preparedness

A

Organisms are predisposed to quickly learn associations between stimuli and responses

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23
Q

Who was Edward Thorndike?

A

first psychologist to systematically investigate animal learning with rats in mazes. He founded the law of effect

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24
Q

What is the law of effect

A

responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and more likely to occur

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25
Q

Who was BF Skinner

A

Believed psychology should be restricted to studying phenomena and all that could be objectively measured.

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26
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

The act of an authority figure that increases the likelihood to a response being repeated

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27
Q

What is Positive Reinforcement (wouldn’t you like to know)

A

response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus (a little treat)

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28
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

A response that results in the removal of, avoidance of or escape from a punishing stimulus

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29
Q

What are the two forms of reinforcing stimuli

A

Primary Reinforcer and Secondary reinforcer

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30
Q

What is the primary reinforcer

A

A stimulus that is naturally reinforcing (food,water, shelter)

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31
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer

A

A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing values by being associated with the primary reinforcer (Money, sweets, awards)

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32
Q

What is Punishment

A

It decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

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33
Q

What is Positive Punishment

A

The presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus

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34
Q

What is Negative Punishment

A

The removal of a positive stimulus

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35
Q

What is Shaping

A

Selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of goal behavior until goal is acheieved

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36
Q

What was Edward Tolman’s contribution to contemporary operant conditioning

A

Cognitive processes play important roles in complex behavior. Although not directly observed, processes can be verified and inferred

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37
Q

What was Martin Seligman’s contribution to contemporary operant conditioning

A

Discovered Learned Helplessness: Exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior

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38
Q

What is Instinctual Drift

A

Naturally occurring behaviors that interfere with operant responses

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39
Q

Who is Albert Bandura and Bobo Doll experiment

A

Bandura believed most behavior is based through observation. He had kids watch him beat the shit out of a doll, and then each of the kids also beat the shit out the doll

40
Q

What were the big findings after the Bobo Doll experiment

A

It was the contends that most human behavior is acquired through observational learning

41
Q

When are people most likely to imitate someone

A

When they are young. Adolescence

42
Q

What is memory

A

Mental processes that enable us to encode, retain, and retrieve info over time

43
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory

A

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory and Long-Term memory

44
Q

What is Sensory memory

A

A lot of info from the environment for a very brief period of time 1/4-3 seconds

45
Q

What is Short Term memory

A

Temporarily holds all the info you are currently thinking about usually spans about 20 seconds before it ships off to long term

46
Q

What is long term memory

A

The storage of memory and information that last potentially for a lifetime

47
Q

What is Visual Sensory Information

A

briefly stores sensory impressions so that they overlap with each other

48
Q

What is Auditory Sensory Information

A

Allows us to hear and retain speech as continuous and musical notes as melody

49
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal

A

It allows us to keep information in the short term by acts of repetition

50
Q

What is the capacity for short term memory

A

The Magical Number: Seven plus or minus 2

51
Q

What is Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory?

A

Active, conscious manipulation of info needed for more complex cognitive tasks

52
Q

What is Chunking

A

The act of grouping related items together

53
Q

What are the three components of Baddeleys model of working memory

A

Phonological Loops, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Central Executive

54
Q

What are Phonological Loops

A

a component of working memory that specializes in the temporary storage and manipulation of auditory information, particularly verbal language.

55
Q

What is Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

Used primarily for navigation deals with visual and spatial information

56
Q

What is Central Executive

A

The central executive is the most important component of the model, it is responsible for monitoring the other functions like Phonological Loops and Visuospatial Sketchpad

57
Q

What are ways to increase encoding

A

Good encoding techniques include relating new information to what one already knows, forming mental images, and creating associations among information that needs to be remembered.

58
Q

What is encoding

A

The act of making retrieving memories easier when the conditions of info retrieval are similar to the conditions of other information

59
Q

What are the types of long term memory

A

Procedural, Episodic, Autobiographical and Semantic

60
Q

explicit memory

A

Declarative memory: memory with awareness

61
Q

What is Implicit memory

A

implicit memory is unconscious and automatic, such as how to ride a bike or type on a keyboard.

62
Q

What is Episodic Memory

A

Info about events or episodes in your life (Like your graduation)

63
Q

What is Semantic Memory

A

Info about facts, general knowledge and school work (what you learned in college)

64
Q

How does cultural differences affect your early memory

A

The types of information that children pay attention to and remember, as well as how children organize and recall their memories can differ as a function of sociocultural background.

65
Q

What is Clustering

A

Related items clustered together to form higher order categories

66
Q

What is Semantic network model

A

Mental links to form between concepts

67
Q

What is memory retrieval

A

The process of retrieving a memory fuckwit

68
Q

What is the phenomena of Tip-of-the-tongue

A

Sensation of knowing specific info stored in long term memory but unable to retrieve it

69
Q

When memorizing a list which items are we more likely to memorize

A

The first and last items

70
Q

What is the primary effect

A

The tendency to recall first items in a list

71
Q

What is the recency effect

A

tendency to recall Final items on a list

72
Q

What is encoding specificity principle

A

Retrieval is more likely to be successful when the conditions of info retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding

73
Q

What is mood congruence

A

When you feel a certain mood, you’re more likely to remember memories when you were in a similar mood

74
Q

What are flashbulb memories

A

Where were you when types of memories… 9/11… Coronavirus

75
Q

What is Forgetting?

A

The inability to retrieve information that was once available

76
Q

Why do we forget

A

Decay Theory (the memories fade) Interference theory (too many memories competing at once)

77
Q

What is Decay Theory

A

When a new memory is formed, it creates a distinct brain changes that can fade over time

78
Q

What is interference theory

A

Forgetting caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory

79
Q

What are repressed memories

A

The act of unconscious forgetting of a memory

80
Q

What are suppressed memories

A

The act of consciously forgetting of a memory

81
Q

What are imperfect memories

A

Memory details that change over time

82
Q

What are schemas

A

A schema is an organized cluster of information about particular topics

83
Q

How can schemas affect our memory

A

Preexisting schemas can distort memories for events

84
Q

What is the lost in the mall technique

A

Basically adults told these kids that they were lost in the mall (fake story) and later the kids would tell this story like it actually happened and they would create details about something that never happened. Like planting a memory in someone’s head

85
Q

What is a false memory

A

A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur

86
Q

What is a memory trace

A

some change must occur in the workings of the brain when a new long-term memory is stored

87
Q

What were the contributions by Karl Lashley

A

He introduced the idea of equipotentiality—the theory that memory is not localized to a single spot in the brain. He argued that when one part of the brain is damaged, other parts could compensate for the lost function.

88
Q

What were the contributions created by Richard Thompson

A

Thompson is known for his work on classical conditioning, especially in the eyeblink reflex in rabbits. He showed that the brain regions involved in conditioning are specific, particularly a brain structure called the cerebellum.

89
Q

What animals did Eric Kandel use

A

Used repeated trials of slugs

90
Q

What is amnesia

A

When people with brain injuries lose their memory

91
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

The inability to recall past information

92
Q

What is Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to store new memories

93
Q

Who was paitient HM

A

Henry Molaison had portions of his temporal lobe removed to prevent seizures. He retained his short term memory but lost his long term memory

94
Q

What brain regions are involved with memory

A

Cerebellum, Amygdala, Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus

95
Q

What is dementia

A

Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory and reasoning

96
Q

What is alzheimers disease

A

Rapid cell death in the brain that leads to shrinkage and is a common cause of dimentia

97
Q
A

Psychology Exam 1. Chapters 1-2 (3 decks)

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