Psychology 3 Chapters 5-6 Learning And Memory Flashcards
What is Learning
A relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience
What is Conditioning?
Process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses
What are the three types of Conditioning
Classical, Operant, Observational
What is Classical Conditioning or CS
Repeatedly linking a neutral stimulus with a response producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response
What is Operant Conditioning
The theory that learning behavior is influenced by its punishments
What is Observational Conditioning
The process of learning by watching others and retaining that information
Who is Ivan Pavlov
Russian Physiologist who trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell
What is UCS
Unconditioned Stimulus
What is CS
Conditioned Stimulus
What is UCR
Unconditioned Response
What is CR
Conditioned response
What factors could influence conditioning
Timing, Stimulus Generalization, Stimulus Discrimination
How does timing affect conditioning
Conditioning most effective when the CS is presented before the unconditioned stimulus
What is Stimulus Generalization
Learning a response not only to the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli
What is stimulus discrimination
Learning a response to a certain stimulus but not to other similar stimuli
What is Extinction in learning
The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior
What is spontaneous recovery
It is the reappearance of a once extinct conditioned response
Who was John Watson
John Watson founded BEHAVIORALISM and studied the fact that all human behavior is a result of conditioning and learning
Who was baby Albert
A totally unknown baby who was subjugated on and introduced to cute fluffy animals and whenever he approached them, Watson would bang a metal pipe scaring him. Albert learned never to approach the fluffy animals
How do more contemporary cognitive psychologists approach classical conditioning
The belief that Reliable and unreliable signals need processing
What evidence is there that classical conditioning is important from an evolutionary perspective
We learned from evolution how to avoid predators. You see a snake, you jump to get out of the way. Humans are biologically prepared to develop fears that may harm us
What is biological preparedness
Organisms are predisposed to quickly learn associations between stimuli and responses
Who was Edward Thorndike?
first psychologist to systematically investigate animal learning with rats in mazes. He founded the law of effect
What is the law of effect
responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and more likely to occur
Who was BF Skinner
Believed psychology should be restricted to studying phenomena and all that could be objectively measured.
What is reinforcement?
The act of an authority figure that increases the likelihood to a response being repeated
What is Positive Reinforcement (wouldn’t you like to know)
response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus (a little treat)
What is negative reinforcement
A response that results in the removal of, avoidance of or escape from a punishing stimulus
What are the two forms of reinforcing stimuli
Primary Reinforcer and Secondary reinforcer
What is the primary reinforcer
A stimulus that is naturally reinforcing (food,water, shelter)
What is a secondary reinforcer
A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing values by being associated with the primary reinforcer (Money, sweets, awards)
What is Punishment
It decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated
What is Positive Punishment
The presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus
What is Negative Punishment
The removal of a positive stimulus
What is Shaping
Selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of goal behavior until goal is acheieved
What was Edward Tolman’s contribution to contemporary operant conditioning
Cognitive processes play important roles in complex behavior. Although not directly observed, processes can be verified and inferred
What was Martin Seligman’s contribution to contemporary operant conditioning
Discovered Learned Helplessness: Exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior
What is Instinctual Drift
Naturally occurring behaviors that interfere with operant responses
Who is Albert Bandura and Bobo Doll experiment
Bandura believed most behavior is based through observation. He had kids watch him beat the shit out of a doll, and then each of the kids also beat the shit out the doll
What were the big findings after the Bobo Doll experiment
It was the contends that most human behavior is acquired through observational learning
When are people most likely to imitate someone
When they are young. Adolescence
What is memory
Mental processes that enable us to encode, retain, and retrieve info over time
What are the 3 stages of memory
Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory and Long-Term memory
What is Sensory memory
A lot of info from the environment for a very brief period of time 1/4-3 seconds
What is Short Term memory
Temporarily holds all the info you are currently thinking about usually spans about 20 seconds before it ships off to long term
What is long term memory
The storage of memory and information that last potentially for a lifetime
What is Visual Sensory Information
briefly stores sensory impressions so that they overlap with each other
What is Auditory Sensory Information
Allows us to hear and retain speech as continuous and musical notes as melody
What is maintenance rehearsal
It allows us to keep information in the short term by acts of repetition
What is the capacity for short term memory
The Magical Number: Seven plus or minus 2
What is Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory?
Active, conscious manipulation of info needed for more complex cognitive tasks
What is Chunking
The act of grouping related items together
What are the three components of Baddeleys model of working memory
Phonological Loops, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Central Executive
What are Phonological Loops
a component of working memory that specializes in the temporary storage and manipulation of auditory information, particularly verbal language.
What is Visuospatial Sketchpad
Used primarily for navigation deals with visual and spatial information
What is Central Executive
The central executive is the most important component of the model, it is responsible for monitoring the other functions like Phonological Loops and Visuospatial Sketchpad
What are ways to increase encoding
Good encoding techniques include relating new information to what one already knows, forming mental images, and creating associations among information that needs to be remembered.
What is encoding
The act of making retrieving memories easier when the conditions of info retrieval are similar to the conditions of other information
What are the types of long term memory
Procedural, Episodic, Autobiographical and Semantic
explicit memory
Declarative memory: memory with awareness
What is Implicit memory
implicit memory is unconscious and automatic, such as how to ride a bike or type on a keyboard.
What is Episodic Memory
Info about events or episodes in your life (Like your graduation)
What is Semantic Memory
Info about facts, general knowledge and school work (what you learned in college)
How does cultural differences affect your early memory
The types of information that children pay attention to and remember, as well as how children organize and recall their memories can differ as a function of sociocultural background.
What is Clustering
Related items clustered together to form higher order categories
What is Semantic network model
Mental links to form between concepts
What is memory retrieval
The process of retrieving a memory fuckwit
What is the phenomena of Tip-of-the-tongue
Sensation of knowing specific info stored in long term memory but unable to retrieve it
When memorizing a list which items are we more likely to memorize
The first and last items
What is the primary effect
The tendency to recall first items in a list
What is the recency effect
tendency to recall Final items on a list
What is encoding specificity principle
Retrieval is more likely to be successful when the conditions of info retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding
What is mood congruence
When you feel a certain mood, you’re more likely to remember memories when you were in a similar mood
What are flashbulb memories
Where were you when types of memories… 9/11… Coronavirus
What is Forgetting?
The inability to retrieve information that was once available
Why do we forget
Decay Theory (the memories fade) Interference theory (too many memories competing at once)
What is Decay Theory
When a new memory is formed, it creates a distinct brain changes that can fade over time
What is interference theory
Forgetting caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory
What are repressed memories
The act of unconscious forgetting of a memory
What are suppressed memories
The act of consciously forgetting of a memory
What are imperfect memories
Memory details that change over time
What are schemas
A schema is an organized cluster of information about particular topics
How can schemas affect our memory
Preexisting schemas can distort memories for events
What is the lost in the mall technique
Basically adults told these kids that they were lost in the mall (fake story) and later the kids would tell this story like it actually happened and they would create details about something that never happened. Like planting a memory in someone’s head
What is a false memory
A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur
What is a memory trace
some change must occur in the workings of the brain when a new long-term memory is stored
What were the contributions by Karl Lashley
He introduced the idea of equipotentiality—the theory that memory is not localized to a single spot in the brain. He argued that when one part of the brain is damaged, other parts could compensate for the lost function.
What were the contributions created by Richard Thompson
Thompson is known for his work on classical conditioning, especially in the eyeblink reflex in rabbits. He showed that the brain regions involved in conditioning are specific, particularly a brain structure called the cerebellum.
What animals did Eric Kandel use
Used repeated trials of slugs
What is amnesia
When people with brain injuries lose their memory
What is retrograde amnesia
The inability to recall past information
What is Anterograde amnesia
Inability to store new memories
Who was paitient HM
Henry Molaison had portions of his temporal lobe removed to prevent seizures. He retained his short term memory but lost his long term memory
What brain regions are involved with memory
Cerebellum, Amygdala, Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus
What is dementia
Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory and reasoning
What is alzheimers disease
Rapid cell death in the brain that leads to shrinkage and is a common cause of dimentia
