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Psychology 102 > Psychology and Science (unit 1) > Flashcards

Psychology and Science (unit 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Evidence Based definition

A

development or creation of materials that have been composed by scientific literature or guided by principals of scientific investigation

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2
Q

which form of studying is proven to be least effective

A

rereading notes and highlighting

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3
Q

naturally what are human beings drawn to in terms of studying techniques?

A

ineffective techniques

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4
Q

Learning styles definition

A

the idea of people learning differently based on the method of instruction or mode of instruction (visual learning, etc.)

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5
Q

True or False: learning styles are scientifically supported?

A

False; there is scientific evidence stating that type of instruction or method of instruction will produce better learning results

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6
Q

Growth mindset definition

A

the belief that someone views intellegence and learning are developed which therefor shows that change can positivily occur

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7
Q

fixed mindset definition

A

the belief that someone views intellegence and learning as something one just has and can not be developed; extra work shows that you lack this quality since more time is required to understand

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8
Q

Who is likely to achieve more, a person with a growth or fixed mindset?

A

A person with a growth mindset due to the characteristics that occur in terms of this type of thinking

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of a growth mindset

A
  • embraces challenges
  • overcomes obstacles
  • view effort as the path to mastery
  • learn from critisium
  • finds lessons and inspirations from other peoples successes
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10
Q

what are the characteristics of fixed mindsets?

A
  • avoids challenges
  • gives up easily
  • views effort as no worth it
  • ignores negative feedback
  • feels threatened by other peoples successes
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11
Q

Which type of mindset will give higher success rates?

A

growth mindsets

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12
Q

What is psychology

A

the scientific study of the mind, brain. and behaviour

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13
Q

what is levels of analysis in psychological displine?

A

how certain things connect to either biological influences or social/cultural influences

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14
Q

mind definition

A

the brain in action

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15
Q

why are psychological influences hard to define the definite cause?

A

Often the causes are highly similuiar and are closely related or rely upon each other; causes can also be from multiple factors at once

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16
Q

What are the five factor that make psychology complex to study?

A

1) behaviour is difficult to predict
2) psychological influences are often related an
3)everyone is unquic in terms of different behaviour, emotion, etc.
4) everyone is influenced by there surrounding peers
5) culture

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17
Q

naive realism definition

A

the belief of seeing the world how it is; seeing is believing

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18
Q

Why is common sense still useful in psychology if it is still somewhat faulty?

A

common sense is a large asset when generating scientific hypthesis, which leads to further investigations

19
Q

science definition

A

systematic approach of evidence

20
Q

scientific theory definition

A

an explaination for a large number of findings in the natural and psychological world; must be able to generate hypothesis

21
Q

what are the two misconceptions of a scientific theory?

A

1) a theory explains one specific event
2) a theory is just an educated guess

22
Q

what are the two most crucial bias that scientist tend to display?

A

1) confirmation bias
2) belief perserverance

23
Q

confirmation bias definition

A

the tendency to seek out data or evidence that will only support our beliefs on the matter and will not support any evidence contridicting our claims

24
Q

Belief perserverance definition

A

the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence tends to contradicts it

25
Q

metaphysical claims definitions

A

claims about the world that can not be tested (can never be tested using scientific methods)

26
Q

popular psychology definition

A

a form of psychology that is easily accessible by the public and is relativily straightforward

27
Q

how do people commonly access popular psychology?

A

self help books
articles
movies
internet

28
Q

Pseudoscience definition

A

a set of claims that is thought to be scientific but is not.

29
Q

Ad hoc immunizing theory definition

A

an escape hatch or loop hole that is used to defend a theory from being proven incorrect

30
Q

What are the 5 warning signs of pseudosciences

A
  • exaggerated claims
  • overetiance on anecdotes
  • overuse of ad hoc immunizing hypthesis
  • lack of self correction
  • mention of prood instead of evidence
31
Q

what are the three dangers of pseudosciences?

A

1) opptunity costs: picking one treatment over another
2)direct harm: can cause more damage, injuries or even death
3)can lead to the inability to think scientifically

32
Q

Scientific Skepticism definition

A

evalutating claims with an open mind but insists on persausive evidence before accepting evidence

33
Q

Scientific thinking definition

A

a form of thinking that allows us to evaluate scientific claims in any setting

34
Q

what are thing 6 prinicpals of scientific thinking framework

A

1) ruling out rival hypotheses
2) coorelation is no causation
3) falsifability
4)replicablitiy
5) extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence
6)occam’s razor

35
Q

what is the first principal of scientific thinking and its basic framework

A

ruling out rival hypotheses; considering alternative explanations to the findings (ie. are these results actually from ths event,

36
Q

what is the second principal of scientific thinking

A

correlation is not causation; just because two things are associated it does not mean that they cause eachother (a causes b, b causes a, or c causes both a and : the three explanations)

37
Q

what is the third principal of scientific thinking

A

must be possible to disprove a claim (applies to the claims, hypotheses, and theories) ALL MEANINGFUL CLAIMS ARE FALSIFIABLE

38
Q

What is the fourth principal of scientific thinking

A

replicability; the ability to reproduce findings and get the same or simiular results (confirms that the first results are correct) with this principal you must be able to get simuliar results while you change some elements of the experiment

39
Q

What is the fifth principal of scientific thinking

A

extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence; means if we find a statement of evidence that goes against evidence we already know, then the evidence must be strong

40
Q

What is the last principal of scientific thinking

A

occam’s razor; if there are multiple explations for one event then the simplest observation is best

41
Q

theoretical frameworks definition

A

prespectives that guide how people think about psychological phenomena and behaviour

42
Q

what are the 5 major theoretical frameworks for pyschology

A

1)structuralsim
2)functionalism
3) behaviourism
4) congnitivism
5)psychoanalysis

43
Q
A

Psychology 102 (5 decks)

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