Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Bottom up (Data driven) processing
A
Parallel procressing - takes longer to process but less prone to mistakes.
Mneumonic- look from the bottom for details
2
Q
ought self
A
who we should be
it is part of self esteem
3
Q
learned helplessness
A
requires repeated inability to have any effect on a sitiuation over a long period of time + much more severe usually manifests as depression
4
Q
self-efficacy
A
the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation.
5
Q
behavioral perspective
A
deals with punishment and rewards
6
Q
social cognitive perspective
A
holds that people’s behaviors and traits shape their environments- which in turn have an effect on their identity.
7
Q
Neurotism
A
high emotional arousal in a stressful situation
8
Q
catharsis
A
the process of releasing, anddy thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.
9
Q
Psychodynamic therapy
A
the process of releasing it (catharsis) providing relief from strong/repressed emotions
10
Q
Define the Nervous systems and its parts
A
Central Nervous system and Periperhal systems
Central NS: brain and spinal cord
Peripheral NS: Somatic and automatic
Somatic NS: Sensory(dorsal+ afferernt) + motor( ventral + efferent)
Automatic NS= sympathetic and parasympathic NS.
11
Q
dorsal is in the back and ventral is in the front
SAME DAVE
Sensory - afferent
Motor - efferent
Dorsal - afferent aka sensory
Ventral - efferent = aka motor function
A
There is an evolutionary aspect to this.
dorsal in the back detects sensory.
ventral in the front detects motor.
if there is a tiger chasing you, and it attacks your backside, you can afford to lose sensation as opposed to motor function.
12
Q
Define parasympathetic system
A
parasympathetic –> conserve energy –> rest+ digest
- pinpoint pupil ( opiod)
- stimulates flow of saliva
- constricts bronchi
- Slows HR
- stimulates perstalisis/ secretion
13
Q
definite Sympathetic nervous system
A
- activated by stress ( fight/flight) - anxiety
- dilate pupil
- inhibit salivation
- relax bronchi
- increase HR
- stop perastlasis
- increase glucose production ( in the liver and kidney with gluconeogenesis)
- adrenaline - above kidney
- inhibit bladder contraction
14
Q
Pons
A
part of the hindbrain
- handles the fundamental homeostasis
- relays in formation and regulates sleep
MNEUMONIC “ sleep by the pond”
15
Q
Medulla oblongata
A
Hind brain
- handles the fundamental homeostasis things
What: regulates breathing, Heart Rate, and Blood pressure
16
Q
cerebellum
A
Balance and Coordination
- alcohol messes with the cerebellum and its structure –> loss of balance
17
Q
Super Colliculi
A
reflex of the midbrain
- receives visual and sensory input
18
Q
Inferior Colliculi
A
Reflex of the midbrain
- receives auditory input
19
Q
Hypothalamus ( 4Fs) What are they?
A
involvement in endocrine and homeostasis
- feeding
- flight
- fight
- fucking
20
Q
Lateral hypothalamus
A
hunger center
MNEUMONIC - if you ablate/get rid of the lateral hypothalamus ( lack of hunger = LH)
21
Q
Ventral Medial hypothalamus
A
Satiety center -> helps stop you eat when you are full
MNEUMONIC : if you ablate teh ventral medical hypothalamus = “ very much hungry”
THE MOUSE WILL GET FAT
22
Q
limbic system and sttructures (3)
A
Emotion/memory
- Septal nuclei - brain’s pleasure center/ addition ( Mneumonic = sexy nipple)
- amydala - defensive/ anger fear
- hippocampus - formation of memory ( short –> long)
23
Q
Anterior Pitutary
A
endocrine hormone - uses the hypophyseal portal system FLAT PEG FLAT = Tropic Hormones -> goes to another gland to stimulate hormone secretion PEG = direct hormones F= Follicle Stimulating Horomes L= Lutenizing Hormone A= Adrenocorticotropic hormone T= Thyroid stimulating hormone
P= Prolactin E= Endrophins G= Growth Hormone
24
Q
Pineal Gland
A
secrets melatonin
Biological rhythms - directed by the retina
25
Basal Gangalia
- uses dopamine
- coordinated muscle movement + routes information to Brain
Too little dopamine = parkinson's disease.
Causes shuffling/ chopping motion
26
Alzihmer's disease
- too little ACH
- amyloid plaque
- neurofibillary tangle
- General atrophy to Brain
-
27
Anterior Hypothalamus
- controls sexual behavior
mneumonic " Anal horny"
28
Posterior Pitutary
has direct neuronal input
| - releases ADH ( vasopressin) and oxytocin
29
Parietal lobe
sensation ( somatosensory)
Destination for touch, pressures, temperature
30
Occipital lobe
visual cortex
31
Motor Cortex
initiates voluntary movement
32
Temporal lobe
auitory, language( wernikes area), emotion
33
Wernike aphasia
difficulty understanding language but can speak coherent words
34
Brocca aphasia
can't verbalize( expression area)
| Understands everything but sounds like nonsense
35
conduction aphasia
cant have a normal conversation. brocca's area and wernikes area are intact, but the arcuate fasciculus in " broken"
there is no back and forth with conversation
36
central sulcus
seperates frontal + peripheral lobe
37
Fluid Intelligence
- problem solving
- peaks in early adulthood
- declines with age
38
Crystalized intelligence
what: use of learned skills/ knowledge
when does it peak? - middle adulthood
- declines with age
39
Piaget stages ( 4)
1. Sensorymotor ( 0-2) - learn object permenace
circular reaction ( primary --> secondary )
Primary = needs for self are met
secondary = external meets needs
2. operational ( 2-7) - symbolic thinking, centration, and egocentraism. To pass this phase, need to learn conservation
3. Concrete ( 7-11) - logical thinking
4. formal - ( 11-onwards) - abstract thinker
40
retinal has direct connection to hypothalamus
aka light control
at night ( controls melatonin)
during day ( controls cortisol= arousal )
41
Mesolimbic reward pathway
dopaminergic pathway in the brain --> deals with motivation and reward
Nucleus Accumbens ( NAc) , Ventral tegemenal Area ( VTA), medical forebrain bundle
42
instinct theory of motivation
evolutionary, programmed instinct --> behavior
focuses on innate trait not on learning/culture
- changes throughout life
43
stimulant
amphetamine/estacy
- Increases dopamine, Norepi, seratonin, Increases Heart Rate, Increases Blood Pressure
Cocaine = DECREASE reuptake of dopamine, norepi, seratonin
Crack = can be smoked, highly addictive
44
Depressant
Alcohol = INCREASE gaba, INCREASE dopamine
- affects reasoning
- alcohol myopia
- wernicke-korsakoff syndrome= defincency in B1 vitamine, memory impairment
Barbituates/benzodiazapene ( anti-anxiety)
INCREASES gaba, highly addictive
45
Marijuana
- acts like stimulants/ depressants/hallucinogens
- THC is the active ingredient
- INCREASES Gaba
- INCREASES dopamine
Binds to - cannabiod receptor
- glycine receptor
- opiod receptor
46
Hallucinogen
(LSD) - lysergic acid ethylamide
deals with serotonin. INCREASES: blood pressure, heart rate, pupil dilation, body temperature
47
Opiates/ opiods
```
Opiate = Natural
Opiod= synthetic
```
- Binds to Opiod receptor
- -> brings euphora and pain relief
- Methodone treatment - for opiod with lower risk of lower dose
48
Need Based Theory (Maslow)
- allocate our energy/ resources to best satisfy needs
Maslow Hierachy Pyramid: Highest priority= loweest unmet level
```
Self actualization
Esteem
Love
Safety
Psychological ( Needs to reached first... you build bottom up)
```
49
Self-determinzation theroy
- related to the need base theory
- Universal -
- Autonomy - control of action ( ex. make own schedule)
- Competence - complete /excell in difficult task ( excel in sport)
- relatedness - feel related/wanted/ accepted ( ex. interpersonal relationships)
50
Drive reduction Theory
motivation based on goal to eliminate uncomfortable state
- Primary drive - physical need
ex: food, water, warmth
- secondary drive - drives to statisfy non-biological desires. ( usually emotional)
51
incentive theory
Behavior motivated to pursue reward and avoid punishment
| - not by need/drive/desire.
52
Expectancy Value Theory
expectation of success + value placed on success= motivation needed to be successful.
53
Opponent Process theory
- Explaints motivation on ongoing drug/tolerance
- As INCREASE more depressants --> DECREASE arousal
- leads to DECREASE to sensitivity to depressant ( tolerance created)
- therefore more drugs are needed to produce the same effect. --> body changes psychology
54
Sexual motivation
It has 3 factors.
1. physiological - hormone, smell
2. Culture - what is percieved to be attactrive
3. congnitive - fear/anxiety/excitment
55
Thalamus
Where: Forebrain
What: Acts like a relay station for all information for all senses except olfactory
MNEUMONIC : sense of smell is the oldest therefore it goes straight to the brain without any other place to interpret it
56
Dyssomnia
sleep disorder in which makes sleeping difficult
- insomnia
- sleep apnea
- norcoxspy
57
Parasomnia
Behavior PAIRED with sleep ( aka occurs during sleep)
- sleep walking ( somnambulism)
- night terror
58
Emotion
derived by cirsumstances, mood, relationship
3 component
- Physiological
- behavioral
- cognitive
59
James-lange Theory of emotion
suggests that emotions come from a physiological sensation.
Stimulus --> nervous system arousal --> conscious emotion
example- My heart is beating fast therefore i must feel scared or nervous.
60
Cannon-Bard Theory theory of Emotion
Stimulus --> sensory processing --> Physiological arousal and emotional response ( at the same time)
Ex. I am afraid because I see smoke and my heart is racing. get me out of here
61
Schachter-singer Theory of Emotion
Stimulus --> Physiological + Cognitive --> emotional response
Example: I see smoke, my heart is racing and others around me are scared therefore I should be scared.
62
Limbic system ( 6 structures)
- amygdala
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- hippocampus
- septal nuclei
- corpus callosum
63
amygdala
- part of the limbic system
- related to attention/emotion
- plays a key tole in emotion and interpretation of facial emotion
64
Thalamus
- part of the limbic system
| - sensory relay center in the brain except for olfactory
65
dorsal prefrontal cortex
attention + cognition ( NO EMOTION)
66
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
plays substantial tole in decision/control emotion form amygdala
67
Ventral prefrontal cortex
connects region dealing with emotion
68
Stress
- physical
- cognitive
- behavioral
69
cognitive Appraisal ( 2 type)
- evaluate situation that induces stress.
Primary stress - initiate the evaluation of the enviroment
- irrelevant/begign/positive/stressful
if there is a stressful response -> lead to the secondary appraisal
Secondary Appraisal
- Harm
- Threat
- Challenge
70
General Adaptation syndrome
```
- deals with stress
3 stages :
1. alarm
2. resistance
3. Exhaustion
```
alarm: - Activates SNS, release hormones( epi/norepi, cortisol)
- Resistance: maintain release of hormones
- exhaustion: - body cant keep up, suspectible to illness
71
If you cant cope within exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome....
will lead to emotional and behavioral issues
- Moody, tense, fearful, helpless
- poor memory, difficulty concentrating, withdrawal socially
72
What are the 2 ways to cope/stress manage
Problem focused - workout stressor
adaptive- exercise
maladaptive- drugs
emotional focused- engage in activity that self control using positive appraisal
Problem focused emotional focused
Adaptive maladaptive
73
Kohlberg: Moral Reasoning
Preconventional ( Focus on the consequnces) during pre-adolsence
1. obidence
2. self-interest
Conventional ( focus on relationship with other) during adolense -adulthood
3. conformity
4. law + order
Post conventional ( higher level thinking) - adulthood if at all
5. social control
6. universal human ethics
74
.Self- discrepency Theory
to maintain a sense of self ( 3 things)
1. actual self - who you are
2. ideal self- who you want to be
3. ought self- who others want you to be.
goes hand in hand with self esteem and self worth
75
Androgyny
Both masculine and feminine
Mneumonic: andro=androgen
ogyn=womenly
76
locus of control
characterizes what influences our lives
external locus of control - events are caused by luck or outside influences
ex: " I didnt win the race because my shoes were new and the track was wet"
Internal locus of control - controling their own fate
" i didnt run hard enough"
77
Frued Psychosexual stage of development ( 5 stages)
Oral: mouth( 0-1) fuxed on mouth-dependent
suck, bitty, nibble
Anal: Butt ages ( 1-3)( toilet training)]
relaxed toilet training: messy
strict toilet training: orderly
Phallic: age ( 3-6) odepal/electrical conflict is resolved during this stage
Latent: age (6-12) largely sublimitated during stage
( developing self defense mechanism)
Gential: ( age 12+- adulthood) - reaching sexual maturity
If all stages are met, person should have develeoped well sexually and mentally healthy.
78
Erikson - psychosocial development ( name 8 stages)
1. trust vs mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame and guilt
3. initiative vs inferiority
4. industry vs inferiority
5. identity vs role confusion
6. intimacy vs isolation
7. generativity vs stagnation
8. intregrity vs dispair
79
trust vs mistrust
Erikson - psychosocial development
Age (0-1)
If needs are met, infant develops a sense of basic trust
80
Automony vs shame and doubt
Erikson - psychosocial development
Age : 2
Toddler strives to learn independence and self -confidence
81
initiative vs guilt
Erikson - psychosocial development
Age 3-5
Prescholler learns to initiate tasks and grapples with self control
82
Industry vs inferiority
Erikson - psychosocial development
Age: 6-puberity )
Child learns either to feel effective or inadequate)
83
Idenitity vs role confusion
Erikson - psychosocial development
(Age- teenage years)
a physciological revolution occurs during this stage.
Teenager works at developing a sense of self by testing roles, then integrating them to form a single identity.
84
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson - psychosocial development
Age ( 20-40)
Young adults struggles to form close relationships and to gain capacity for intimate love
85
Generativity vs stagnation
Erikson - psychosocial development
Age ( 40-60 years old)
middle aged person seeks a sense of contributing to the told, through, for example family and work
86
Integrity vs dispair
Erikson - psychosocial development
| age 65 and up
Reflecting on life, the elderly person may experience satisfaction or a sense of failure
87
what happens if there an unresolved conflict in the freudian psychosexual theory?
FIXATION
fixation --> leads to anxiety --> leads to necrosis ( carry throughout life)
88
Vygotsky : internalization of culture
learning culturally relevant skills and values
89
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky theory
- a skill that between the child can do alone and without guidance ( needs a little more push) of a more knowledgeable adult.
Example: when the child tries to try his shoes but he is almost there. The adults helps.
90
Psychoanalytic perspective
Freudian perspective - unconscious internal state determine personalities
3 parts : ID, EGO, SUPER EGO
ID: primal urge -- Pleasure principle and primary process
EGO- operates on reality principle and secondary procress - inhibits urge of ID until the right time)
SUPERGO- " Moral arm if right ( reward) and wrong ( punishment)
Reward=ego ideal
punishment = conscience
91
repression
defense mechanism
- UNCONSCIOUSLY removing an idea or feeling from consciousness
A man who survived a six month in concentration camp cant recall anything about his life during that time period
92
Suppression
Defense Mechanism
consciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness
a terminally ill cancer patient can put aside his anxiety to enjoy a family gathering
93
Sublimation
Channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction
Ex: A boss who is attracted to this employee becaomes her mentor/advisor
Be a dentist to inflict pain on others
94
Displacement
Changing target of an emotion while the feeling remains the same
When sent to his room as a punishment, a child begins to punch and kick his pillow
95
Rationalization
Justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behavior
A murderer who claims that while killing is wrong, his patient " deserved it"
96
Projection
Attribution of wishes, desires, thought, or emotion to someone else
A man who has commited adultery is convinced his wife is cheating on him, despite a lack of evidence.
97
Regression
Returning to an earlier stage of development
Example: A husband speaks to his wife in " babytalk" when telling her bad news.
98
Reaction Formation
An unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite.
Two coworkers fight all the time becausethey are actually very attracted to each other.
99
Long term memory - works with which structures of the brain?
hippocampus and amydala
Memory is split into 2 types - explicit and implicit
Explicit memory = hippocampus in medial temporal lobe
You remember facts --> exmaple: at a funeral, I was wearing black.
Implicit memory = amydgala --> emotional memory --> storage of actual feeling of emotion associated with an event Example: I was sad at the funeral
100
Prefrontal cortex
planning/intricate cognitive function/express personality/make decision
right: negative emotion
left: + emotion
MNEUMONIC
left = laughing + emotion
Right= RUCHA MAD
101
Carl Jung
persona - the aspect of our personality use the present world
Anima : " man's inner woman"
example: man being emotional
Animus - " woman's inner man'
Ex: women are power seeking
Shadow: unpleasent + socially rephrehensible thought/feeling/action in our consciousness
102
Humanistic approach
- more person centered
- Gesalt looks hollistically at self
Maslow--> hierachy of need --> eventually reach self actuation.
Carl Roger: very person centered --> unconditional positive regard - therapeutic technique by which a therapist listens to her client and creates a positive enviroment
103
Type/Trait
Type = personality type A or B
Type A= competitive/organized
Type B = laid back/ relaxed
TRAIT= based on indivdual personalities
104
Eysenck PEN model ---> ocean
P- psychoticism = measure of nonconformity or social deviance
E- extraversion - tolerance of social interaction/stimulation
N=neurotisim - measure of emotional arousal in stressful situation
```
OCEAN acroymn :
Openess
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Aggreable
Neurotism
```
105
Cardinal Trait
Trait which person is recongzed for by others
| ex: mother theresa --> known for her self sacrifice
106
Central Trait
traits easily inferred.
| Example: Tuti SHY
107
Secondary Trait
only a few close/limited people need to get close to someone to know.
Ex. tuti can be outgoing if she is comfy with friends.
108
Behaviorist perpective
- developed by skinner
- behavior reinforced by operant conditioning. --> token economy
Bahvior is rewarded with token -> exchanged for priveldge/treat/reinforce
109
Social cognitive perspective
goes hand in hand with behaviors
- See how one interacts with enviroment
Reciprocal determination - idea that feeling/enviroment and behavior all interact with each other
Example: some people feel comfy in some enviroment and not in others.
110
Biological based personality
Based on genes
111
Biophysiosocial approach of psychological disorders
What parts do we focus on in this approach?
- biology: genetic predisposition
- physiology: stems from patients emotion/thought/behavior
- social component: results from individual surround + can include issues of precieved class in society
112
Biomedical Approach for psychological disorders
Too technical and narrow in focus and doesnt look at the lifestyle or socioeconomic standing.
- uses medications in its way of treating patients
113
Biomedical Approach for psychological disorders
Too technical and narrow in focus and doesnt look at the lifestyle or socioeconomic standing.
- uses medications in its way of treating patients
114
delusion
(+) postive symptom of schzophrenia
Delusion of reference - belief that the TV is talking to you or the enviroment
delution of prosecution - belief /tought that someone is spying on them
delusion of grandeur - belief of someone importance talking to you example. GOD
115
Major depressive disorder
MNEUMONIC: SIGECAPS
```
Sadness and sleep
interest loss
Guilt increased
Energy decreased
concentration decreased
Appetite change
Psychomotor symptoms
Suicidal thoughts present
```
116
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Constant depression for over 2 weeks
| no major dperessive episode
117
Seasonal affective disorder
onset during the winter season
| - treatment by bright light therapy
118
Bipolar disorder
Depression + mania
Bipolar I = mania with NO or 1 major depressive episode
Bipolar II = hypomania with 1 major depressive episode
Hypomania = more energetic
Cyclothymic disorder = hypomania + persistent depressive disorder
119
catecholamine theory of depression
Main neurotransmitter : Norepi + sertotonin ( 5HT)
Mania : High serotonin, High Epi
Depression: Low serotonin, low epi
120
General anxiety
general worry for 6 months but not exclusive to a certain object or place
121
Specific phobia
common type of anxiety for a certain thing
122
agoraphobia
fear of places where there is no escape
123
Panic disorder
sympathetic nervous system is high of impeding doom
124
OCD (obsessive complusive disorder)
Obsession - thought - anxiety causing
compulsion - behavior - anxiety relieving
125
Dissociate amnesia
inabilty to recall past experience ( due to trauma)
126
dissociative fugue -
- sudden, unexpected, purposeless wandering
MNEUMONIC - dissociative fugative " dont know where they belong"
127
Manic episode
abnormal high elevated mood
MNEUMONIC : DIGFAST
```
Distractable
Insominia (DECREASE in sleep)
Gradosity
Flight of ideas ( racing thought)
Agitation
Speech ( pressure/fast)
Thoughtlessness ( risky behavior)
```
128
Schizophrenia
-Biological based disease
--> (+) positive symptom = hallucination , delusion, disorganized thoughts, disorganzied behavior
--> (-) negative symptom - inappropriate emotion or loss in affect ( narrow range in emotion)
129
DID( dissociative identity disorder)
aka multiple personality disorder
130
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
- individual feels detached from own mind/body + surrounding
131
Somatic symptom disorder
patient with somatic symptom disorder will be worried about diseases that could be completely unrelated to medical condition and eventually increase the level of anxiety
132
Illness anxiety disorder
-consumed by thoughts about having or developing a serious condition
133
conversion disorder
- unexplained symptom affecting motor and sensory function
example blindess --> even though visual tract is okay.
Hard going numb--> even though the nerves in hand are okay
134
Schiziod personality disorder
Cluster A" viiewed as weird by others"
- persausive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression. ( show low desire for social skills)
Part of schizophrenia
135
Schizotypical personality disorder
- have idea of reference ( similar delusion reference when enviroment such as TV character is talking to you - but not as a severe case)
- magical thinking
part of schizophrenia
136
Paranoid
Part of cluster A - viewed as weird from others
persausive mistrust of others/suspicion of their motives
137
Antisocial
Cluster B " wild"
Viewed as emotional/dramatic/erractic by others
3x more likely in males than females
138
Borderline Personality disorder
Cluster B" wild"
2x more common in female than male
instability behavior, mood, self-image, and interpersonal relationships are unstable
139
Histronic personality
Cluster B "wild"
Constant attention seeking behavior
- think SLUT for histronic behavior
MNEUMONIC " think of historical figure... wants to be in the center of attention"
140
Narcissistic personality disorder
Cluster B " wild"
Constant view of themselves as grandoise, preoccupation, constant admiration and attention.
" these type people admiration- think about popular highschol girls"
141
Aviodant personality disorder
Cluster C"worrid"
Extemely shy/ fear of rejection
These types of people stay in the same job/life situation/relationship despite wanted to chnag.
Example: Abusive husband to wife. wife has no one to go to and no money --> fear of rejection
142
Dependent personality disorder
Cluster C: Worried
- constantly reliant on someone else.
- constantly asking parents/signficant other before any decision
Ex. ISHA
143
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Cluster C - worried
perfectionistic/inflexible -->tending to rules and order.
OCD is not the same as OCPD
OCD - egodystonic - meaning they view their disoder as a mistake and a bother
OCPD - egosyntonic - meaning the indivdual view their behavior as good and valid.
144
Schizophrenia ( Biological component)
Too much dopamine
| - generic predisposition --> partially inheritied
145
Depression (biological component)
DECREASE norepi, DECREASE serotonin, DECREASE dopamine
- abnormally high glucose metabolism in the amygdala
- hippocampal atrophy after long duration of illness ( it messes up with memory)
- abnormally high level of glucorticoid ( cortisol)
146
Bipolar Disease ( Biological Factor)
INCREASE Norepi, INCREASE serotonin,
- genetic component important( if parent has bipolar, then greater risk or person with multiple sclerosis)
147
Alzheimer's disease ( Biological)
- dementia by gradual memory loss,
- symptoms inhibit normal daily function
- genetic predisposition on certain genes
- diffuse atrophy of brain
- flattened sulci
- enlarged ventricle
- decrease ACH and DECREASE ACH making enzyme ( choline atylic transferase)
- reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal parts of the brain
- Beta-amyloid plaques forming
- Neurofibillary tangles
- Sundowning ( memory better in the day as opposed to the night)
148
Parkinson Disease
- BradyKinesia - slow movement
- Resting tremor ( trmor in muscle not being used)
- pin-rolling tremmor - flexing/extend the finder while moving the thumb back and forth
- shuffling gait - stooped position
- Masklike facies - facial expression static
- cogwheel rights - muscle tenses up and halts movement
- DECREASE dopamine in substantia nigra - lack of dopamine in basal ganlia which is the command center
- lack of L-DOPA which is a precursor converted to dopamine
149
substantia nigra
releases dopmaine to activate the other region of the basal ganglia
150
Signal detection theory
- perception of stimuli that cab be affected by nonsensory factors, such as experiences (memory), motives, and expectations
Signal Yes and Response Yes = YES
Signal Yes and response NO= miss
Signal NO and response Yes = false alarm
Signal NO and response Yes = correct Negative
151
Endolymph ( define its structure and location in the body)
in the Ear and it is the part of the membranes of cholea and labrinyth
MNEUMONIC : ENDO = inside
152
Perilymph ( define its structure and location in the body)
in the ear and it is part of the bony laryrinth
MNEUMONIC = peri = periphery aka on the outside
Both endolymph and perilymph are part of the choclea and vestibular.
153
Self-serving bias
Locus of control
- Individuals will view personal successes as a skill ( INTERNAL) and failures as bad luck ( external)
mneumonic: if you did something good, its you. if something bad happens, its not you adn someone else.
154
indirect therapy
enables family members to help person needing treatment
| Note the difference/contrast to direct therapy.
155
social cognition theory
Attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, cognition and environment.
mneumonic: " social cognition = thinking about your social setting and what is around you. "
156
Enviromental modification
changing the enviroment itself
157
Errorless learning
BF skinner: - errors are not necessary for learning to occur.
158
modeling
Learning behaviors through watching and imitating others
159
observational Error
- difference between a measured value and a true value.
Example: " take a ruler and I measure 1.5 cm but it should be 1.67 cm. the observer, Shuchi, made a mistake"
160
Self-effacing Bias
tendency to attribute success to external factors
mneumonic - " when youdont give yourself credit and just say it was luck"
161
Self-fulling prophecy
for an individual
- sterotype that leads expectation for a certain group of individuals
- expectation can create conditions that lead to conformation of those expecations
Example: Medical students known to struggle with first day surgery and in reality they do
162
systematic error
refer to error in measurement -
Error in each measurement, so the overall is incorrect by the same amount
- this leads to bias
163
Variable Ratio = VR
Learning model
- but it also stands for Very Rapid and Very Resistant to extinction
164
Whofian Hypothesis linguistic relativity hypothesis
our perception of reality - the way we think about the world is determinded by the content of language.
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Self-serving bias
| aka - self -serving attributional bias
you serve yourslf by - own success is based on internal factor.
Failture based on extrenal factor.
(LOCUS OF CONTROL)
self-enhancement- hard to maintain self worth and can be done through internal attribution of success and external attribution of failure.
increase in self-esteem leads to increase in self-serving bias because it protects image
166
mediating variable
helps explain the relationship between two variables
167
Piaget studied what kind of psychological development
Cognitive
168
Erikson studied what kind of psychologocal development
pyschosocial development
169
Frued studied what kind of psychological development
Psychosexual
170
Kolhburg - studied what kind of psyhcological development
moral reasoning
171
Fluid Intelligence
problem solving skills ( peaks in early adulthood)
172
Crystallized intelligence
peaks in middle adulthod ( use of learned skill and knowledge)
173
Locus of control - part of the social cognitive theory
Internal locus of control ( I control my enviroment)
External control of event =- enviroment controls me
174
Aggression
behavior to cause harm/ Increase social dominace - can be verbal or nonverbal
Biological ( INCREASE TESTOSTERONE)
Brain( amydgala is activated) in a threatening situation
Prefrontal cortex modulate impulses
Cognitive NEOassociation model -> states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling a negative emotion - such as tired, fustrated pain.
175
Aggression
behavior to cause harm/ Increase social dominace - can be verbal or nonverbal
Biological ( INCREASE TESTOSTERONE)
Brain( amydgala is activated) in a threatening situation
Prefrontal cortex modulate impulses
Cognitive NEOassociation model -> states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling a negative emotion - such as tired, fustreated pain.
176
Interpersonal attraction
1. Apperance
2. Similarity
3. Self-disclosure
4. Reciprocity
5. Proximity
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familiarity effect
there mere exposure effect aka familiarity effect - states that me being exposed to something, we can see a familiarlity in it.
178
Secure attachment
- care is reliable and secure source of comfort
- child can explore the world comfortably and prefers caregivers to strangers
- child will grow to have adequate social skill
179
Aviodant attachment
- caregiver has little to no response to distressed child.
| - child shows no preference for caregiver
180
Disorganized attachment
- caregiver is erractic or socialy withdrawn
| - child shows no consistent pattern of behavior toward caregiver
181
Ambivalent attachment
- caregiver has inconsisnt response to distresed child
Child distressed when caregiver leaves, mixed responses upon caregiver return.
aka anxious ambivalent attachment becayse chils ia always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver.
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Matechoice
intersexual selection
183
Mate Bias
- how chosey we are in to choose a mate --> direct benefit = benefit to mate
indirect benefit = promote better survival in offspring
184
5 categories of mating
Phenotypical benefit ( attractive to other sex)
sensory bias - a trait that matches a preexisting preference that exists in population
fisheran -runway selection - attraction has no survivial benefit ( think about the peacock feather)
Indicator Trait - good health/wellbeing
185
Social (Perception/cognition) has 3 parts
perciever ( influenced by exp)
Target ( the person about which the perception is made)
situation(social content)
186
focus on central trait
what one is known for.
Impression bias= how we make impressions of others
primary effect = first impression
recency effect = most recent experience to give impression.
implicit personality theory= categorized a person=sterotype
187
self-reference effect
indicates that information is the most meaningful to an individual is most likely to be memorizied.
mneumonic" if you can refernce yourself you can remember it better"
188
Elaboration likelyhood model - 2 routes ( name them)
- central route processing ( think NS brain)
| - peripheral route procesing ( THINK PNS extra.. periphery )
189
define central route processing
- scruntizing and analyzing the context of persuasive information
- high elaboration
think NUTS AND BOLTS
190
peripheral route process
- low elaboration
- focusing on superficial detail of persausive information such as apperance / catch phrase/ slogan / credibility
THINK about the asthethics and the looks compared to the nuts and bolts of the message.
191
Attitude and behavior have A, B, C components. Identify them.
Expression of positive/negative feelings towards something. Person/place/thing/ scenerio o
3 components
A=Attitude
B=Behavior
C=Cognitive
192
Leaning theory
- attitude develeoped through different forms of learned
learning to say thank you is positive trait +
learning to curse is bad = negative
193
Attitude has 3 components
1. Affective - feeling
2. Behavioral = Act
3. Cognitive = think
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Functional attitude theory =
4 Functions
1. Knowledge
2. Ego-expressive
3. adaptation
4. Ego-defensive
Define these terms
1. Knowledge - important that provides consistency and stability and helps provide organization to thoughts/experiments.
2. Ego-expressive - allows us to communicate and express our opinion
3. Adapative - idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitude are experienced.
4. Ego-defensive = they protect out self -estem or justify action we know are wrong.
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context effects
Memory aided by being in the physical location where the encoding took place..
Example: if you study in the same place you take the test, you are more likely to do better there
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Shaping
Process of shaping a specific behavior " get reat for small thing first and then only when you complete a set of tasks can you get another treat .
Example: you want to potty train the doggy .... you get it out of the house- treat and the next time you give it a treat when it gets out of the hourse and pee = treat
therefore this is how you use shapping for the doggy
197
Modeling
= mirror neurons in the frontal and parital region of the brain
198
Negative Reinforcements - there are 2 types: name and define
Escape learning - example : drink cofee to get rid of the groggy feeling
Aviodance learning : study MCAT now to avoid being sad later
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Proactive interferece
the old interfere with the new.... cant be productive and move forward because i have interfeerence
200
retroactive interference
new interfers with the old.
Cant be retro( go back) because I am being interfered with the new.
201
Alzihmer's disease
- degnerative brain disorder
- decrease aka loss in achetylcholine
- progressive dementia
- memory loss - retrograde fashion- loss with recent memory before distant
202
Serial position effect
retrieval cue appears while learning lists
- better to recall for 1st part ( primacy effect) and the last part ( recency effect)
- but your time you still remember the 1st part, sourcery effet is part of short term
203
State-dependent memory
person's mental state effects recall
- if learned something while intoxicated, then you recall it better when you are intoxicated.
204
Spacing effect
- Learning
| - longer amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater retention of information later on.
205
Fixed Ratio ( FR) schedules
- reinforce a behavior after a specific number of perfromances of that behavior
example: in operant conditioning, researches might reward a rat with a food every third time the rat presses the bar
206
Korsakoff's syndrome
- another form of memory loss causes by thiamine deficiency
- marked by both retrograde anmesia ( loss of previously formed memory) and anterograde amneis( inability to form new memories)
207
Availability Heuristic
tendency to make judgements based on how readily available infromation is on memories
example: watching new programs about the spread of violent crimes in the inner city neighborhoods makes me to think the overall likelihood of crimes in also high in my neighborhood.
208
Representative Heuristic
tendency to judge the likelihood an event occuring based on our typical mental represtation of those events
example: we may think shark attacks are lot more deadly than being crushed by a vending machine because animal attacks is more represntable of a cause death in our schema.
209
Agnosia
Loss of the ability to recognize object, people and sounds
- typically it is 1 out of 3
210
Another symptom of korsakoff's syndrome is - confabulation
Confabulation is the creating of viid but fabricated memories - typically thought to be an attempt made by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories.
211
Fixed internal and fixed ratio have what in common?
There is almost no response immediately after the reward is given, but the behavior INCREASES as the rat gets closer to reciveing the reward.
212
Family studies - are used in what context?
family studies are often used to investigate morbity rates of a behavior or disease within a family compared to a popuation in order to compare the enviromental and genetic contributes.
213
Moro reflex
- attempts to reestablish grip after losing form hold.
| - Having hands up
214
Babinski Relex
fanning of all toes in baby
215
Rooting Reflex
- baby turns face to side of the face with contact to a nipple ( Breast feeding)
216
fMRI ( functional MRI) is used for whaat?
do indepth detail regarding the brain
217
EEG ( electro-echo-gram)
will only show superficial part of the brain and its electrical activity
218
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Delusios - are false discordant with reality adn not shared by others in the individual, culture, that are maintained inspite of strong evidence.
Delusions are considererd deviant from society
219
Parkinson's disease - biological sysmpomts
In the basgal ganglia- DEACREASE in dopamine production.
Brady kinesia - slowness in movemnent
Resting Tremor - a tremor that appears when musles are not being used
- masklike facies - no expression on face
- cogwheel rigity - rigid
- shuffling gait - with stooped posture.
220
Inclusive fitness
- a measure of an organism's success in the population.
- Based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of the offspring to then support themselves.
-
221
inclusive fitness - altruism
inclusive fitness promotes the idea that Altruistic Behavior can improve the fitness and success of a species as a whole. -> sacrificing self to protecting children can lead to genetic sucessive children.
222
Cognitive Dissonance
occurs when people hold simutaneously 2 or more conflicting opinions on a task --> which causes an internal conflict so they are compelled to reduce internal tension by picking one and view the bad idea as not THAT bad.
example: Shuchi takes gap year. I convinced myself that it isnt that bad!!
223
Motor skills tend to develop form the periphery
Eyes - follow object at 4 months of age
Hands movements are much later
224
Obedience
Changing ones behaviors in response to a direct order from one authority figure ( Milgrim's experiment)
225
Dramaturigical Approach ( Goffman)
Goffman used a metaphor of theatrical performance to describe how an individual creates images of themselves in various situations
Front stage - where actors is infront of an audience and shows off his best - confirmtion of an image he wants others to see
Backstage - where actors are not abserved by an audidence - therefore the actors are free to act however he pleases and not as same in the public eye.
226
Korsakoff's syndrome
MNUEMONIC " of COURSE that happened .... i think?"
form of a memory loss caused by thiamine deficidency
2 types -
reterograde amnesia - loss of previously formed memory
( mneumnic - RETURN to the previous memory)
Anterograde anmesia - inability to form new memory
( mneumonic - Another memory)
Confabulation - the process that creates a vivid but fabricated memory, typically thought to be an attempt made by brain to fill in gaps of missing memory
227
Appaisal model - 3 types
- James Lange
- Cannon-Bard
- Schicher-Sanger
All 3 types of emotion theory are closely related and accepts that there are biologically predetermined expresssion once an emotion is experienced, but there is a congitive antecedent to emotional expression.
NS ----> congitive--> emotion
228
Working Memory
involved in reasoning and comprehension ( think math problems)
storing memory in your brain temporairly until the problem is done.
229
Dissociative identity disorder ( DID)
2 personalities that recurrently take control of person's behavior
230
depersonalization/derealization disorder
individuals feel detached from their own mind and body ( depersonalization) and from their surrounding ( derealization)
231
Dissociative amneisa
inability to recall past experience
232
Dissociative fugue
a sudden, unexpected move purposeless in a wandering way - they are confused about their identity
233
Major depressive disorder lasts for how long?
2 weeks
234
Which component of the Nervous system is NOT involved in the initial reflexive response to pain?
A. Spinal cord
B. Cerebral Cortex
C. Interneuron
D. Motor Neuron
B. Cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex is not involved in the initital reflex response to pain
sensory --> interneuron--> motor Neuron and it completely bypasses the brain
By the time brain gets the signal, withdraw reflex has already occured.
235
Variable interval
DO the job in different times to get the pellet of food
236
Fixed Interval
After a certain amount of time, you will get the pellet of food
237
Variable Ratio schedule)
- reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of that behavior
give a pellet in 2,4,6,8
MNEUMONIC : VR=variable ratio and very rapid and very resistant to extinction
238
System for multiple level of observation of groups
| Based on the belief there are 3 fundamental interactions
1. Dominance vs Submission
2. Friendliness vs unfriendliness
3. Instrumentally contorlled vs emotionally expressive
239
Basic Model of Emotion
proposed by Charles Darwin - states that emotions serve an evotultionary process - and they are smiliar across cultures
7 universal emotions are part of this model
240
Erikson - Automony vs guilt
Ages (1-3)
Is it okay to be me?
241
Inititative vs guilt
Ages 3-5
When child begins to develop peer relationships and language to communicate
242
trust vs. mistrust
age 0-1
Do my surroundings meet my needs/ do i trust it?
243
Operant /classical conditioning - require a repeated behavior and not a single instance
if the question asks for a single instance, then it can not be conditioning.
244
Right prefrontal cortex has which types of emotions?
sad/negative
245
Left Prefrontal Cotex has which types of emotions
Happy and pleasant
246
Erikson : Psychosocial development
identity vs role confusion
Erikson termed it physiological revolution --> leads to fediality
Favorable outcome is fidelity- the ability to see one's self as unique and integrated person with sustaineed loyalities
--> more consistent with how he or she views himself.
unfavorable outcomes are confusion about ones identity and amphorphous personality that shift from day to day
247
Hawthorne Effect
Individuals are changing their behaviors because they are aware that they are being studied
aka observational bias
248
Borderline Personality Disorder
Risky behavior - constantly attention seeking
MNEUMONIC - think someone is jumping off a cliff ( off a border) and wants attention and risky behavior
249
Social Cognitive Perspective
Therapists explore how the role of environment in determining behavior and thoughts
Make a trianle of thought, behavior and environment
250
Trait Perspective
Focuses on how personalities and behaviors are influenced by GENES ( acquired and instinctuall)
251
increasing sample size can increase the signficance without decreasing power.
in order to increase statistical significance, increase the number of data points in the study
252
Humanist Perspective
Focus on self actualization and helping patients become more complete and fullfilled individuals.
Ex: emotional coaching technique involves processing and becoming aware of ones emotion.
253
Behavioral therapy
focus more on ACTIOn rather than cognition
254
Fundamental Attribution error
Error that describes the tendency to over value dispositional /personality based causes for behavior while under-valuing the role of external circumstances ( situations)
situational vs dispositional
255
Ethnocentrism
tendency to look at other cultures through one's own culture. --> prejudice and bias can be related to ethnocentrism -->which relates to cultural bias as well.
256
World System theory
Define Periphery
define Semmipheriphy
Define Core nation
COre nation: industrialized, strong government, seconomically diverisified and independent
semi-periphery nation: in the middle of core and periphery
Periphery nation - weak instiution, waek government high social inequality
257
Confirmation Bias
tendency to search for or interpret infromation in a way that confirm's one's preconceptions leading to a statistical error.
( exmaple: when a researcher is looking forsomething specfic in his data)
258
Name the types of capitals that play a role in social reproduction because captital is poassed from generation to generation --> this keeps people inthe same social class as their parents before -->reproducing ineqaluty through the system of social stratification.
Financial capital - refers to income and wealth
Cultural capital - what you know. shared outlok, belief, knowdlge and skill passed down between generation
Human capital - refers to education + job a person receives
Social capital =" who you know" aka your people connection - helps you find a job or internship`
259
Mead theory of Identity
"me" = part of the self that is formed interactions with others and the general social enviroment ( SOCALIZED)
"I" = spontaneous and automonous part of the unified self ( UNSOCIALIZED)
260
Social leaning Theory
Learning that is a cognitivie process that takes place in a social context or can occur through observation and direct instruction `
261
Institutional Discrimation
treatment between 2 ocial groups that the system level that generally results from subtle practices rather than blantant discriminatory actions
262
Anxiety disorders are generally diagnosed when?
are characterized by unusually debillitating worries that interefere with daily life.
263
Representative heuristic
is a congititive approach where it involves attributing the characteriscs of groups wo which they belong
264
Symbolic interactionists
are concerned with the ways individuals interact through a shared meaning/understanding of words
265
If you do something in the past and you get positive outcomes, you do it again. what perspecitive uses this ?
Behaviorist perspective
266
Social Cognitive Theory
learned through onerv
267
Social Cognitive Theory
learned through obervation
268
Approach-approach conflict
refers to the need to choise between two desirable options
269
Approach-avoidance conflict
conclift that deals with only 1 choice/goal event but the outcome can be positive or negative.
Example: = a job promotion = might mean more money or status but it also comies with increases responsibilty, potential for longer work hours and increased pressure.
270
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
refers to 2 choices that are between 2 negative options.
271
Cogntive appraisal
procress in which an indivdual emotionally reacts after evalutating a given situation.
emotional apprasial --> stressful therefore you have a reaction to it.
272
Self serving bias
" you serve yourself "
```
Good = it was me
Bad = it was someone else
```
273
Self -effacing bias
good things are due to external facators.
274
Divided attention
Attention split within multiple tasks
275
Selective attention
the capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimulu selectively when serveral occur simutaneously.
Ex: cognitive process used by flight candidates who are required to repeat certain digits - attention needed
276
Continous reinforcement
best for acquisition phase of operant conditions " because" " like shaping" - the schedules unambigiously informs the subject - which behavior is correct
and continuous reinformcement is the quickest to extinguish
277
The entire autonomonic nervous system requires ACH. but where?
it is required between every pregangilonic and post ganglionic synapse.
278
Peg words
images/words associated with numbers
279
method of loci
assocated items withlocation
280
Differential association theory
think " associate with different people --> becomes deviant"
Deviance can be learned through interactions with others
MNEUOMINC " diffferent associate - associate with other to be different:
281
Theory of attitude
4 FUNCTION :
- knowledge
- egoexpressive
- adaptation
- ego-defensive
Knowledge - important in that it provides consistenty and stability
Ego-expressive : allowing us to communicate and solidfy our self-idenity
Adaptive -
Ego-defensive - they protect our self-esteeem/justify actions that we know are wrong
282
SYMLOG ( system of multiple obeervation of Group) define and expand on this
Method for analyzing a groups' dynamic along 3 dimensions
( friendly vs unfriendly)
( instrumentally controllable vs emotional expressions)
( dominance vs submission)
283
Cultural Syndrome
A shared set of belief, attitude, norms, values, and behaviors among the members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme
284
Cultural Syndrome
A shared set of belief, attitude, norms, values, and behaviors among the members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme
285
What are the signs and symptoms of Fight/FLight
- tunnel vision
- increased Heart Rate
- pupil dilate
- diaphragm contracts more quickly ( aka breathe better)
286
Gate theory of pain
when you are in pain, you want to rub the area to alleviate pain and release endorphins
- this is why messages help a lot
287
amygdala - increases aggression
Prefrontal cortex - controls impulsibility and aggresion
Right prefrontal cortex = sad emotion
Left prefrontal corect = happy emotion
288
Mating Bias
how choosey we are with our mates
Direct phenotypical benefit - direct material and emotional support
indirect phenotypical benefit - benefit to offspring
289
Mating Bias
how choosey we are with our mates
Direct phenotypical benefit - direct material and emotional support
indirect phenotypical benefit - benefit to offspring
290
Runway selection =
positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait has no survival benefits becomes more and more exaggerated.
Ex: peacock's feather.
291
Social perception has 3 components ( name them)
1. Target
2. situation
3. Perciever
292
Prejudice leads to what?
Attitude
293
Discrimination leads to
Behavior!
294
Halo effect
judgement on an individuals's character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual
MNEUMONIC " option/judgement causes " glow or halo on overall appearance"
Example: Glen brings cookies to work. Althogh you have not tried them yet, your coworker cays " glen is such a great guy! " Im sure these cookies are fantasic"
295
Reliance on central traits
tendency to organize the perception of other based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perciever --> people may also project their own believes, opinions, ideas, and actions onto others.
example: if i like someone who is slim and trim, i will find someone attractive who is slim and trim?
296
Reliance on central traits
tendency to organize the perception of other based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perciever --> people may also project their own believes, opinions, ideas, and actions onto others.
example: if i like someone who is slim and trim, i will find someone attractive who is slim and trim?
297
manifest function
intended positive effect on a system
298
latent function
unintended positive efffect on a system
299
dysfunction
negative effect on a system
300
Material culture
object to assign meaning - clothing, cuisine, paiting, etc
301
Symbolic culture
ideas, values
302
demographic transition - death and mortality rates
there are 4 stages - define them
slowly moving from rural to urbanization
Stage 1: high birth and high mortality rate
Stage 2: mortality rate drops
Stage 3: Birth rate drops
Stage 4: Low birth and low mortality rates
303
Kinsley scale of homosxuality
```
6= homesexual
0= heterosexual
3= bisexual
```
304
Comparative Pessimism
would cause in someone who believes he or she is worse off or has a higher risk than others
Example: if i compare myself to others and to those that are better tham me, i will feel pretty shitty about myself
305
Social Facilitation ( define)
social facilitation implies people perform better when
1. competing against others
2 Friendly audience
3. when a task is familiar
306
define aggression
is defined as a phyisal can verbal behavior
intended to hurt/destroy - whether reactively or proactively
307
Most personality disorders are EGOSYNTONIC . what does this mean?
this means that in the individual percieves his.her behavior as correct, normal, or in harmoney with goals
308
Social constructionism - define
is a school of thought characterised by the idea that objects generaly have little inherent value and its society which ascibes these values
309
Circular reaction - there are 2 types ( primary and secondary) define
Circular reactions are named for their repeptivive nature.
Primary curcular reactions - involve repetivive behavior which the child finds soothing
Secondary circular reactions - repeptive behavior involve and effects the enviroment
310
Belief preserverance - deifne
belief perservance is a type of conginitive bias in which people have a tendency to reject convincing proof that goes against their exisiting belief.
311
Belief preserverance - deifne
belief perservance is a type of conginitive bias in which people have a tendency to reject convincing proof that goes against their exisiting belief.
312
Attitude has 3 Components
| Name and define
1. Affective - EMOTIONAL component of attitude
2. Behavioral- tendency to behave in a certain manner
3. Cognitive - thoughts/beliefs - sterotypes and ideologies
313
Borderline personality disorder -
attention seeking
314
Schizotypical Personality disder
- isolation
- social anxiety
- disorganized thoughts - typical of schizophrenia
315
Semi-circular canal relates to what in the inner ear
- related with balance
Vestible - deals with orientation
316
Cochlea
deals with pitch and intensity of sound
317
Demographic Transition - where is the loweest population and where is the greatest population?
in the beginning, death rates and birth rates are the highest, therefore the population will be at its lowest.
During the demographic transition, there is an increase in population. therefore at the end of the demographic transition, it will be the highest population during urbanization.
318
Obervational learning is also known as vicarious conditioning
in which positive--> posotive outcomes
negative --> negative outcomes
Seeing a posotive interaction was more likely to lead to a similar behavior
seing a negative reaction discourages a smiliar behavior
319
Systematic error
error in the measurement and al of them have a error by a similar amount
320
hawthorne effect
an individual changes their behavior because they are aware that they are being studied
321
Observational error
the difference between the actual and the measured value
322
Demand characteristic
referes to the circumstances in which the participants guess the hypothesis of the study and change their behavior accordingly.
323
Belief perserverance
is the idea that when presented with information with varying opinion, people are more likely to believe infromation that confirms their opinion and idscounts evidence that refutes it.
324
Humanistic perspective
focuses on the self-actualization and helping patients more complete and fulfilled individuals.
example: emotinal - coaching technique involes in proccessing and coming aware of ones own emotion.
325
Behavioral therapist
focus ON ACTION rather than cognition
326
Trait persepective
focuses on measuring aspects of personality that are able to be grouped of thought and behavior
327
Fruedian perspective
focus on the unconscious
328
heightened emotion - particular negative emotion can lead to impulsivity and reduction of forethought
example: when tuti is mad she says things she doesnt mean and that is because I am not thinking clearly and i have heightened emotions at the moment
329
sensory memory
pertains to memory of sensory information - not involved in reasoning and comprehension
iconic memory - type of sensory memory
330
Episodic memory
memory about a certain event ( in working memory )
331
Implicit memory
unconcious memory of skills and unconditioned responses
relates to the amygala and can bring back emotions to memory
332
Self effacing bias
Tendency to attribute success to external factors
333
Learned helplessness
condition in which people become apathetic because they feel powerless to change their conditions
334
Dissociative disorder
loss of memory
335
Korsakoff's syndrome
making up facts - confabulation
336
Schziophrenia
different from having paranoid illusions that the charactieritcsare schzophrenic.
337
Catharsis -
a type of psychodynamic technique
to share negative experiences and express his feelings in a safe enviroment
338
Sexual dimorphism
the degree males and female look alike/ resmemble each other.
ANimals want HIGH sexual dimorphism in order to attract the other mate - so they dont want to to look like each other. THAT IS BORING>.
animals with LOW sexual dimorphism = male and female exhibit similar characteristics
MNEUMONIC : think about how divergent the 2 genders are from each other - LOW = similar
HIGH = very idifferent
339
Major Depressive disorder
requires the presence of a certain subset of symtoms over a period of 2 weeks
SIGECAPS ( suicidal thought, lack of interest, guilt, low energy levels, lack of concentration, and appetite)
340
Dysthmia disorder
represents only depressed mood over a short period than two years.
341
Humanistic View point
FOCUS on the HUMAN as a whole
- fre will
- self image
- self actualization
342
Maslow Concept of self- actualization
The desire for self-fullfillment namely the tentency for the individual to become actualized in what they are potentailly
343
Libido -
terms usd hy the psychodymaninc theroy to describe the energy created by the surviail and sexual intincts.
According to Frued - ibido is aprt of the ID and it is the force of all behaivors
344
Sublimial percerption
Persentation of a stimuli too rapid or weak to be consciously recognized
345
SACCADE
eye jumps from one position to another as it taking in visual stimuli
346
Limen
a threshold below which a stimulis is not percieved or is not distingihsed from another
347
Hieuristic
Helps us make decisons
Representative hieristic - one heirsistic people use when making judgements --> if something is familiar likely to chose that
348
Percetual constancy
reders to the percieving of faniliar objects having a standard size, shape,and color, location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance and lighting,
349
Which human need is the basis for congitivie dissonce?
the need forconsistency
congitive dissonace refers to the involving of conflicting attitudes/ belif/behavior. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to the alterations of one of the attitudes to restore the balance/consistency of bahavior and thouhts
350
Which human need is the basis for congitivie dissonce?
the need forconsistency
congitive dissonace refers to the involving of conflicting attitudes/ belif/behavior. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to the alterations of one of the attitudes to restore the balance/consistency of bahavior and thouhts
351
Implicit memory - without concious aweareness.
sort of like now how i am typping. I kno where the keys are - well most of them that is.
352
Implicit memory - without concious aweareness.
sort of like now how i am typping. I kno where the keys are - well most of them that is.
353
Narcolepsy
neurological disorder charactersized by the braisn inabiliyt ot sontrol sleep/ wakefulnes cycles - suffer from chromic day time sleepiness
354
SLEEEP layers
BATD
B
beta - awake
alpha - resting with eyes closed
Theta
Delta
Theta and Delta are sleep stages
355
Hypnic jerk
Hypnagognic jerk - involuntary twitch which occurs just as a person is beginning to fall asleeep - sometimes often casung them to awaken suddenly for a moment
356
Delision
false belief that are still thought to be true even though there is efidence proving it false.
357
Semantics
refers to the meaning of words/phases in a particular contaxt
358
Repression -
part of suppressing thought/memory/desire so that it remains in the unconcious
359
Cannon bard theory
states that emotion and the Phsyiologiacl reaction occur at the same time which leads to action
thalamus is the relay center in the brain
360
Motion sickness is the thought to arise when snsory input from the semicircular canals( angular motion) and linear motion are in conflict with sensory ( input from the mucsle and eyes )
sensory conflict theory
361
Self-determination theory - need to achieve his or won
theory of motivation
362
Eustress - positive reaction due to association with previous experience
Amygdala can sore similar circumstances in different ways
363
A drive reduction and cognitive theorist would argue that depression results in a DECREASE IN AROUSAL
A drive reduction theroy suggests that depression stems from a reduction in motivating forces of arousal.
A congitive theroist would argue that arousal is essential to sustaining most behaviors.
364
Depression affects what parts of the brain?
- affects the fronal lobe ( attention/ congition)
- limbic system structure ( emotion/memory)
- hypothalamus ( hormonal control )
365
Gesalt law of symmetry -
we tend to percieve stimulu as grouped symmtreically around a center point
366
Gesalt law of similarity
we percieve similar objects as being grouped together
367
Gesalt law of proximity
we tend to percive objects close to other than in group rather than a large collection on individual pieces
368
Attition bias -
paricipant drops of out a long term experiemnt or study
369
reconstructive bias
type of bias related to memory
370
Social diserable bias -
bias related to how people respond to research
371
slection bias -
type of bias related to how people are chosen to participate
372
Compliance -
privately disagree yet piblically agree
373
internalization
publically and privately agree
374
identification
conform to behavior because they like/respect who exhibits it
375
infromational social influence
people conform by listening to information through social group.
376
infromational social influence
people conform by listening to information through social group.
377
emotion has 3 core components
- physiological arousal
- expressive display
subjective interpreation ( how you interpret the emotion )
there is no conditioned response to emotion
378
twin stdudie compare 2 diffferent types of twins ( monozygotic and dizygotic )
By comparing twin pairs that have different levels of genetic relatedness but similar enviroments, a twin study allows the determination of how hereditry influences the expression of a trait
379
situationsal approach of personality : personality is best understood as teh tendency to respond to certain situational interpretations in certain ways
personality can be predicted
380
Family studies are often to investigate comorbidity rates of a behavior/ disease within a family as compared to a general population. m ( looks at nature vs nurture )
family study are incapable of distingushining between enviromental and genetic contributes to study conditions.
you can compare nature vs nature but you cant pick just one of them.
381
beneath the skull, there are 3 layers of the menegsis ( DAP ) define DAP
Dura, anarchoid, pia matter.
382
beneath the skull, there are 3 layers of the menegsis ( DAP ) define DAP
Dura, anarchoid, pia matter.
383
hypothalamis is a structure in the brain that regulares all of the functions. : arousal ( sexual and otherwise) hunger , thirst,
Anterior hypothalus - sexual
Lateral hypothalmus - hunger center
ventromedial hypothalmus - satiety center
384
what are the 4 F for hypothalus
- FOOD
- Fight
- Flight
- FUCK
385
define cognitive dissonance
according to the cognitive dissonance theory, when an individual attitude are incongruent with his/her behavior, this leads to cognitive dissonance. to eliminate cognitive dissonance - the individual can either change his/her attitude or change their behavior. The theroy states that people are more likely to adjust their attitude to align their behavior than the other way around.
386
reference group - define
any group that individuals use as a standard for evaliuating themselves / their own behavior
387
gentrification -
reinventestment of lower income neighborhood in urban areas - which result in more affluent groups
1. causes displacement of lower income houshing
2. explant tax base for local government
3. increase neighborhood stratification
think about boston... boston used to have a lot of innercity neighborhoods, but now mostly docors live in boston and the poor people moved to roxbury and dorcheste.r
388
gentrification -
reinventestment of lower income neighborhood in urban areas - which result in more affluent groups
1. causes displacement of lower income houshing
2. explant tax base for local government
3. increase neighborhood stratification
think about boston... boston used to have a lot of innercity neighborhoods, but now mostly docors live in boston and the poor people moved to roxbury and dorcheste.r
389
Sapir- whofian hypothesis - lingguistic relativeity hypothesis
states that the structure of language affects your perception of others
390
aging does not effect the general facts known - such as semantic memeory
but it does affect the following :
- Capacity for acquiring new declarative information
- capacity for controlling his or her memory processes
- ability to retrieve general information.
391
Flash bulb memory
coined by Brown and Kulik, that when they dound that people claimed to remember details of what they were doing when they revieved news about an emotionally arousing event.
392
False memory
so called false memeotires can be observed both in real world and labority settings, and they are generaly given with high confidence
393
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
suggests that human cognition is affected by language and how we percive the wrold is dependent on language.
394
Name the ABC of attitude
```
A= affective - feelings
B= Behavior = actions
C= cognitive = thoughts.
```
395
Stimulatns name them
cocaine
| increase arousal
396
Opiods/ opiates =
Heroine, codine, morphone.
397
Opiods/ opiates =
Heroine, codine, morphone.
398
in group dynamics, there is an increased chance of social loafing, where the work is not distributed throughout the gorups.
groups are knowns to have unanmiously 1 idea as opposed to individuals, alone pople have more thoughts and ideas.
399
Hindsight Bias -
Hindsight bias is also known as knew it all along effect or creeping determination - is the inclincation after an event has occured, you knew it was ging to hapen the whole time despite having little knowledge for the basis for production.
400
Response Bias definition ( also known as survery bias )
is the tendency for a person to answet questions on a survey untruthfully or misleadingly. For exsample, they may feel the pressure to give answers that are socially acceptable vs the real and truthful answers.
401
Structual functionalists will focus on the macrosocioloy by looking at the manifest ( intended) and latent ( unintended) functions.
from a functionalist perspective, almost all social actions have both manifest and latent functions, - both of which are connected to the overal social stability.
