Biochemistry Flashcards by Shuchi Zinzuwadia

Alpha glucose Beta glucose

Mutarotation of the anomeric carbon

there is an aldehyde intermediate

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Estradiol, aldosterone, testosterone and cortisol are dervitatives

Cholestrol

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what is a 6 member ring called?

pyranose

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what is a 5 member ring called

Furanose

Mneumonic: fewer in furanose rather than pyranose

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ATP + glucose –> leads to what?

ATP+ glucose = glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

The phosphate group keeps the glucose in the cell
- reaction results in formation of phosphiester bond

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what is Km

it is the concentration at which 1/2 max velocity

when the substrate concentration decreases, the Vmax doesnt change on the amount of the substrate but rather how it interacts

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What happens in alcoholic fermenation

release CO2
oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
O2 is not consumed

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What is the determining factor of a positive tollens test?

if it can be reduced.

a carbohydrate that contain hemiacetal/hemiketal groups give positive tests with tollens and benedicts

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alcohol + aldehyde makes what?

hemiacetal

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ketone+ alcohol makes what?

hemiketal

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Reducing sugars do what in tollens and benedicts test?

POSITIVE

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What happens when tollens test is used to identify aldoses/ketoses?

sugar oxidizes and AG+ redcued to silver metal

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What happens if benedicts reagent is used?

sugar is oxidized, Cu2+ is reduced to Brick-red precipitate.

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Precision leads to what

consistency

also leads to reliability –. read consistently or within a narrow range.

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accuracy leads to what

how true to the actual value can you be

if its off, it can lead to bias because it is not close to the real range.

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a parameter in an experiment measures what

it is a population measure!

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Enzymes do not change the energy of the reactant and products, but rather the…..

activation energy

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in the body are TRANS or CIS fatty acids allowed

in the body, only cis Fatty acids in the body and it should be even nimbered.

cis is better because it is stackable

The cell membrane does not have trans fatty acids

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GTP is used in gluconeogenesis during which step

oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate

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reason for decrease in enzyme activity

decrease in substrate level
denaturation
inhibition

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Enzymes require cofactors and possible prosthetic groups

prosthetic groups are especically tightly group bound of cofactor - if not removed - enzyme could remain actively on??

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furanose = 5 carbon sugar

mneumonic = “ fewerer carbon - furanose”

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What simple sugars make up sucrose

glucose + fructose

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what simple sugars make up lactose

galactose + glucose

what simple sugars make up maltose

glucose + glucose

what simple sugars make up maltose

glucose + glucose

Saponification

A reaction in which an ester is heated with an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, producing a free alcohol and an acid salt, especially alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or an oil to make soap.

specificity constant = km/kcat

Kcat = turn over number ( the number of substate molecules coverted to product per active site in a soluetion saturated with substrate.

What is the michealis menten equation?

vo = [vmax][S]/ (S+kM)

When looking at the amount of energy a molecule has count its carbon

the more saturated= more engery

In red blood cells, only glycolysis can occur. WHY?

because RBC do not have any membrane bound organelles - therefore no mitochondria

Red blood cells undergo pentose phosphate pathway. why?

in order to make NADPH which will reduce gluthione in red blood cells

DO red blood cells produce carbon dioxide?

NO because it does not under go kreb cycle

Do ketones need a transporter?

NO ketone bodies do not need any facilitation

Where is VLDL produced?

THE liver

Where are chylomicrons produced?

It is produced in the intestines

Sex link - The X chromosome carries the gene of interest

X comes from MOm and Y comes from dad. mom must have the gene or has to be a carrier for the child to haave it.

Kinesin - important in metaphase/anaphase in mitosis Dyenin - cillia/flagella movement - vesicle transport ( not in mitosis

dining IN - Karrying OUt

KInases add phosphates

means it gets it from ATP

What are the 3 main inhibitors of the aerobic respiration?

- Cyanide - binds to the complex IV and inhibits the reaction --> therefore electrons can not be transported to the oxtgen and the elcton transport chain will be backed up - oligomycin - DNP ( 2,4 dinitrophenol) - dissates proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

What are the 3 main inhibitors of the aerobic respiration?

Polar AA

- serine (S) - theroine - (T) - cystine (C) - Aspargine (N) - Gluatmine ( Q) - Thyrosine ( Y)

Acidic AA

- aspartic acid ( D) | - glutamic acid ( E)

Basic Amino Acid

- Lysine - Argine - Histidine

Hydrophobi AA- all AA not polar, acidic or basic

- Alanine, - Glycine - Isoleucine(I) - Leucine(L) - Methione ( M) - tryptophan ( W) - Valine (V)

Acetyl-Coa + oxacloacetate = citrate.

if there is too much citrate, it will leave the mitochondira and it ibhibits the pfk-1 of glycolysis therefore glycolysis is inhibited

Early to intermediate fasting uses what

all of the glycogen stores | glycogenolysis

intermediate to late fasting uses what

Gluconeogenesis

cofactor

metal ion rewuired for catatlysis

coenzyme =

organic molecule required for catalysis

coenzyme =

organic molecule required for catalysis

if there are more enzymes ( aka more cars) you will increase the total capacity of the reaction.

if i have more cars ( enzymes ) that wouldnt make me more likely towards them ( affinty ) - rather my affinity would not change.

Southern blots use restiction digest to differentiate betwen mutant and wild type alleles.

In order for southern blot to be useful, mutations should create/eliminate a restiction site - most which are palindromes and 4-6 base pairs long

Hill coeficcient if >1 then it will have cooperativity properties

if = 1, no cooperativeity

Noncompetive = same Km but decrease in V max.

can bind to enzyme or the E-S complex

Uncompetive inhibition - can ONLY bind to the ES complex . in order to increase the efficiceny , you should do what?

increase the substrate concentration - which will bind to the enzyme and increase the concentration of the inbitor.

Cation exchange cloum - wwant to bind to the positively charged pepetide

Lowest concentration of NACL to elute the smallest charge

Charged AA at ph = 7

Negatively charged : D ( aspatic acid ) E ( Glutamic acid ) Positively charged: K ( Lysine ) R( ARgingine ) H ( histindine )

Tm = confromational stability

it is the melting temperature before denaturing . It reached a point where it can no longer refold.