Biochemistry Flashcards
Alpha glucose Beta glucose
Mutarotation of the anomeric carbon
there is an aldehyde intermediate
Estradiol, aldosterone, testosterone and cortisol are dervitatives
Cholestrol
what is a 6 member ring called?
pyranose
what is a 5 member ring called
Furanose
Mneumonic: fewer in furanose rather than pyranose
ATP + glucose –> leads to what?
ATP+ glucose = glucose-6-phosphate + ADP
The phosphate group keeps the glucose in the cell
- reaction results in formation of phosphiester bond
what is Km
it is the concentration at which 1/2 max velocity
when the substrate concentration decreases, the Vmax doesnt change on the amount of the substrate but rather how it interacts
What happens in alcoholic fermenation
- release CO2
- oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- O2 is not consumed
What is the determining factor of a positive tollens test?
if it can be reduced.
a carbohydrate that contain hemiacetal/hemiketal groups give positive tests with tollens and benedicts
alcohol + aldehyde makes what?
hemiacetal
ketone+ alcohol makes what?
hemiketal
Reducing sugars do what in tollens and benedicts test?
POSITIVE
What happens when tollens test is used to identify aldoses/ketoses?
sugar oxidizes and AG+ redcued to silver metal
What happens if benedicts reagent is used?
sugar is oxidized, Cu2+ is reduced to Brick-red precipitate.
Precision leads to what
consistency
also leads to reliability –. read consistently or within a narrow range.
accuracy leads to what
how true to the actual value can you be
if its off, it can lead to bias because it is not close to the real range.
a parameter in an experiment measures what
it is a population measure!
Enzymes do not change the energy of the reactant and products, but rather the…..
activation energy
in the body are TRANS or CIS fatty acids allowed
in the body, only cis Fatty acids in the body and it should be even nimbered.
- cis is better because it is stackable
The cell membrane does not have trans fatty acids
GTP is used in gluconeogenesis during which step
oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate
reason for decrease in enzyme activity
- decrease in substrate level
- denaturation
- inhibition
Enzymes require cofactors and possible prosthetic groups
- prosthetic groups are especically tightly group bound of cofactor - if not removed - enzyme could remain actively on??
furanose = 5 carbon sugar
mneumonic = “ fewerer carbon - furanose”
What simple sugars make up sucrose
glucose + fructose
what simple sugars make up lactose
galactose + glucose
what simple sugars make up maltose
glucose + glucose
what simple sugars make up maltose
glucose + glucose
Saponification
A reaction in which an ester is heated with an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, producing a free alcohol and an acid salt, especially alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or an oil to make soap.
specificity constant = km/kcat
Kcat = turn over number ( the number of substate molecules coverted to product per active site in a soluetion saturated with substrate.
What is the michealis menten equation?
vo = [vmax][S]/ (S+kM)
When looking at the amount of energy a molecule has count its carbon
the more saturated= more engery
In red blood cells, only glycolysis can occur.
WHY?
because RBC do not have any membrane bound organelles - therefore no mitochondria
Red blood cells undergo pentose phosphate pathway. why?
in order to make NADPH which will reduce gluthione in red blood cells
DO red blood cells produce carbon dioxide?
NO because it does not under go kreb cycle
Do ketones need a transporter?
NO ketone bodies do not need any facilitation
Where is VLDL produced?
THE liver
Where are chylomicrons produced?
It is produced in the intestines
Sex link - The X chromosome carries the gene of interest
X comes from MOm and Y comes from dad. mom must have the gene or has to be a carrier for the child to haave it.
Kinesin - important in metaphase/anaphase in mitosis
Dyenin - cillia/flagella movement - vesicle transport ( not in mitosis
dining IN - Karrying OUt
KInases add phosphates
means it gets it from ATP
What are the 3 main inhibitors of the aerobic respiration?
- Cyanide - binds to the complex IV and inhibits the reaction –> therefore electrons can not be transported to the oxtgen and the elcton transport chain will be backed up
- oligomycin
- DNP ( 2,4 dinitrophenol) - dissates proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
What are the 3 main inhibitors of the aerobic respiration?
- Cyanide - binds to the complex IV and inhibits the reaction –> therefore electrons can not be transported to the oxtgen and the elcton transport chain will be backed up
- oligomycin
- DNP ( 2,4 dinitrophenol) - dissates proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Polar AA
- serine (S)
- theroine - (T)
- cystine (C)
- Aspargine (N)
- Gluatmine ( Q)
- Thyrosine ( Y)
Acidic AA
- aspartic acid ( D)
- glutamic acid ( E)
Basic Amino Acid
- Lysine
- Argine
- Histidine
Hydrophobi AA- all AA not polar, acidic or basic
- Alanine,
- Glycine
- Isoleucine(I)
- Leucine(L)
- Methione ( M)
- tryptophan ( W)
- Valine (V)
Acetyl-Coa + oxacloacetate = citrate.
if there is too much citrate, it will leave the mitochondira and it ibhibits the pfk-1 of glycolysis therefore glycolysis is inhibited
Early to intermediate fasting uses what
all of the glycogen stores
glycogenolysis
intermediate to late fasting uses what
Gluconeogenesis
cofactor
metal ion rewuired for catatlysis
coenzyme =
organic molecule required for catalysis
coenzyme =
organic molecule required for catalysis
if there are more enzymes ( aka more cars) you will increase the total capacity of the reaction.
if i have more cars ( enzymes ) that wouldnt make me more likely towards them ( affinty ) - rather my affinity would not change.
Southern blots use restiction digest to differentiate betwen mutant and wild type alleles.
In order for southern blot to be useful, mutations should create/eliminate a restiction site - most which are palindromes and 4-6 base pairs long
Hill coeficcient if >1 then it will have cooperativity properties
if = 1, no cooperativeity
Noncompetive = same Km but decrease in V max.
can bind to enzyme or the E-S complex
Uncompetive inhibition - can ONLY bind to the ES complex . in order to increase the efficiceny , you should do what?
increase the substrate concentration - which will bind to the enzyme and increase the concentration of the inbitor.
Cation exchange cloum - wwant to bind to the positively charged pepetide
Lowest concentration of NACL to elute the smallest charge
Charged AA at ph = 7
Negatively charged :
D ( aspatic acid )
E ( Glutamic acid )
Positively charged:
K ( Lysine )
R( ARgingine )
H ( histindine )
Tm = confromational stability
it is the melting temperature before denaturing . It reached a point where it can no longer refold.
