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Neuroscience > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

0
Q

What is lateralisation of function of the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  • Left hemisphere specialisation for language

- Right hemisphere specialisation for visuospatial function

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1
Q

What are examples of cognition?

A
  • Memory
  • Information processing
  • Language
  • Planning
  • Problem solving
  • Attention
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2
Q

What are the three basic units of the CNS according to Luria’s brain-behaviour theory?

A
  1. regulation of arousal and muscle tone (brainstem)
  2. reception, integration and analysis of sensory information (posterior cortical regions)
  3. planning, executing, verifying behaviour (frontal and prefrontal areas)
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3
Q

What is Luria’s principles of pluripotentiality?

A
  1. each area of brain operates in conjunction with other areas
  2. no area is singly responsible for voluntary human behaviour
  3. each area may play a specific role in many behaviours
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4
Q

What neural systems are involved in emotion?

A

Limbic system incl.

  • amygdala
  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • hippocampus
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5
Q

What is the James Lange Theory of emotion?

A

experience emotion in response to physiological changes

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6
Q

What is Cannon Bard Theory of emotion?

A

can experience emotion without expressing it physically

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7
Q

What are some functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • motor control
  • language
  • higher level cognition
  • executive functioning
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8
Q

What are the functional subdivisions of the pre-frontal cortex?

A
  • dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex
  • orbitofrontal pre-frontal cortex
  • medial pre-frontal cortex
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9
Q

What are the executive functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A
  • working memory
  • planning and organising
  • insight
  • moral judgement
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10
Q

What is the major blood supply to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

MCA

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11
Q

What are consequences of dysfunction of medial prefrontal cortex?

A
  • akinetic mutism at most extreme
  • apathy
  • lack of initiative
  • indifference
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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the medial prefrontal cortex?

A

ACA

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13
Q

What are consequences of a lesion in the orbitofrontal PFC?

A
  • disinhibition

- impulsivity

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14
Q

What is the blood supply to the orbitofrontal PFC?

A

ACA and MCA

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15
Q

Which lobe is the last area of the brain to develop?

A

frontal lobe

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16
Q

Lesions in what other areas besides pre-frontal cortex divisions can cause executive dysfunction?

A

-thalamus
-cerebellum
any area that connects to PFC

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17
Q

What are positive symptoms of executive dysfunction?

A
  • distractable
  • socially disinhibited
  • impulsive
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18
Q

What are negative symptoms of executive dysfunction?

A
  • apathy

- lack of initiative

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19
Q

Neuropsychological tests tend to be more sensitive to which lesions in the PFC?

A

dorsolateral PFC

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20
Q

What are some neuropsychological tests that can be conducted in assessing executive dysfunction?

A
  • Tower of London
  • Stroop test (compatibility of word to meaning)
  • Rey complex figure test
21
Q

What are common causes of acute onset of aphasia?

A
  • stroke
  • penetrating head injury
  • surgical resection
22
Q

What are common causes of insidious onset of aphasias?

A
  • dementia

- neoplasm

23
Q

What are common causes of episodic aphasias?

A
  • focal seizures

- migraine

24
Q

What are characteristics of non-fluent aphasias?

A
  • anterior lesion
  • loss of grammatical structure
  • intact selection of content
  • Broca’s aphasia
25
Q

What are characteristics of fluent aphasias?

A
  • posterior lesion
  • impaired selection of content
  • intact grammatical structure
  • ‘wordy nonsense’
  • Wernicke’s aphasia
26
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

frontal lobe territory

27
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

More temporoparietal

28
Q

What are characteristics of Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  • fluent language output
  • impaired comprehension
  • no motor weakness
29
Q

What are characteristics of Broca’s aphasia?

A
  • non-fluent
  • effortful language output
  • preserved comprehension
  • right face and arm weakness
30
Q

What is a conduction aphasia?

A
  • fluent aphasia
  • more meaningful than Wernicke’s type
  • poor repetition of words
  • damage to arcuate fasciculus tract
31
Q

What is a transcortical motor aphasia?

A
  • non-fluent aphasia
  • muteness occurs at extreme
  • repetition is preserved
  • damage to MPFC
32
Q

What are mechanisms of recovery from aphasias?

A
  • contralateral transfer

- ipsilateral reorganisation

33
Q

What are 2 categories of cognitive interventions?

A
  • environmental modifications

- compensatory strategies

34
Q

What is immediate memory/short-term memory?

A

involves working memory

“erasable whiteboard”

35
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

storing information for later retrieval

36
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of memory?

A

Declarative and nondeclarative

37
Q

What are examples of declarative memory?

A
  • episode memory (events)

- semantic memory (facts)

38
Q

What are examples of non-declarative memory?

A

Skills and habits

Priming/conditioning

39
Q

What is procedural memory?

A
  • long term, implicit
  • skill acquisition
  • tends to be maintained in memory deficits
40
Q

What is episodic memory?

A
  • autobiographical (events in a personal context)

- association between a person event and a specific temporal, spatial and emotional context

41
Q

What is semantic memory?

A
  • general facts
  • shared knowledge
  • not contextual
42
Q

What brain structure is associated with declarative memory?

A

hippocampus in temporal lobe involved in consolidation

43
Q

Where is lateralisation of verbal memory?

A

Left hippocampus

44
Q

Where is lateralisation of non-verbal memory?

A

Right hippocampus

45
Q

What is the neuropathology of temporal lobe epilepsy?

A
  • hippocampal sclerosis

- clinically presents with declarative memory disturbances

46
Q

What is the most common cause of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

47
Q

What is mild cognitive impairment?

A

transitional phase between normal ageing and dementia

48
Q

What early memory complaints typically occur in mild cognitive impairment?

A
  • episodic memory
  • name-face association
  • object-place association
49
Q

What are biomarkers of frailty?

A
  • associated with low-grade chronic activation of immune system
  • cytokines increase with age and predict functional decline
  • levels of cytokines are 2-4 fold higher in frailty
  • high levels of CRP
  • high levels of IL-6 associated with mortality and decreased muscle mass and strength
  • high levels of TNF alpha
50
Q

What are Fried’s Criteria for frailty?

A

> 3 criteria

  • unintentional weight loss
  • weakness (decreased grip strength)
  • exhaustion
  • slow walking speed
  • low physical activity
51
Q

What are geriatric syndromes?

A

5 I’s

  • incontinence
  • immobility
  • impaired balance
  • impaired cognition
  • iatrogenic illness

Neuroscience (9 decks)

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