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Anatomy - ENT Flashcards

0
Q

What is the function of the ear canal/external auditory meatus?

A

Receives sound and transmits it medially towards the tympanic membrane

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1
Q

What is the function of the auricle?

A

Localises sound in different positions in space

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2
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterioinferior aspect of the outer ear?

A

Vagus

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3
Q

Which nerve innervates the anteriosuperior aspect of the outer ear?

A

Branch of V3

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4
Q

What portion of the external acoustic meatus is cartilagenous?

A

Lateral 1/3

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5
Q

What portion of the external acoustic meatus is bony?

A

Medial 2/3

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6
Q

What quadrant is the cone of light normally seen?

A

Antero-inferior quadrant

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7
Q

What are the margins of the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane to petrous part of temporal bone

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8
Q

What is the space above the tympanic membrane called?

A

Epitympanic recess

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9
Q

What does the epitympanic recess communicate with?

A

mastoid air cells

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10
Q

What is the function of the auditory/Eustachian tube?

A

Allows equilisation of pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere

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11
Q

What structures does the auditory tube communicate with?

A

Middle ear communicates with auditory tube which connects to nasopharynx

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12
Q

In what direction does the auditory tube project?

A

anteroinferiorly to the nasopharynx

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13
Q

What is the clinical significance of a more horizontal auditory tube in infants?

A

Because auditory tube connects to the nasopharynx, bacteria from the nasopharynx can easily enter the middle ear. Since the auditory tube is more horizontal, it is more difficult for the bacteria to drain back into the nasal cavity

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14
Q

What is the clinical significance of inflammation in the middle ear?

A

Inflammation in the middle ear will impact the ossicles which transmit sound vibration and may impair hearing

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15
Q

Why can pain in the outer ear cause referred pain to the lower teeth?

A

The lower teeth are innervated by a branch of V3 and a portion of the outer ear is innervated by another branch of V3

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16
Q

What is the clinical significance of pressure build-up in the middle ear?

A

The pressure build-up may push the tympanic membrane out and therefore change the shape and concavity of the tympanic membrane. As a result, the cone of light will move to another quadrant

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17
Q

What are the 3 ossicles?

A

From lateral to medial:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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18
Q

Which ossicle attaches to the tympanic membrane?

A

Handle of the malleus

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19
Q

What is a protective mechanism to loud sounds?

A

Reflex contraction of the muscles which attach to the ossicles

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20
Q

Which muscle attaches to stapes and what is its innervation?

A

Stapedius innervated by CN VII (seventh for stapedius)

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21
Q

Which muscle attaches to malleus and what is its innervation?

A

Tensor tympani innervated by CN V (T for tensor and trigeminal)

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22
Q

What is the clinical significance of an acoustic neuroma situated near CN VII and VIII within the internal acoustic meatus?

A

The neuroma may compress CN VII causing inactivation of VII
As a result, the efferent arch of the reflex muscle contraction in the middle ear is obliterated.
Loud sounds may no longer be dampened and the hair cells within the inner ear may consequently be damaged by excessive energy transmission

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23
Q

What is the function of the round window?

A

It is an opening from the inner ear which allows the energy transmitted into the inner ear to be released back into the middle ear

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24
Which nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to salivary glands and carries sensory info about taste from the tongue to the CNS?
Chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve)
25
What does chorda tympani transmit?
Carries parasympathetic fibres to salivary glands | Carries sensory info about taste from tongue to CNS
26
What is the promontory?
A bulge in the medial wall of the middle ear created by the basal turn of the cochlea
27
Where does the oval window lie in relation to the promontory?
Oval window is superior and posterior to the promontory
28
Where is the round window in relation so the promontory?
The round window is inferior and posterior to the promontory
29
Which vessel is close to the middle ear?
Internal carotid artery runs underneath the middle ear
30
What is the function of the bony labyrinth?
It transmits mechanical energy from vibration into the inner ear
31
Where are the sensory receptors for dynamic equilibrium (directional head movement) located?
Within the ampulla
32
What is the membranous labyrinth?
It is a closed sac filled with endolymph
33
Where are the sensory receptors for hearing located?
Within cochlear duct
34
Where are sensory receptors for static equilibrium (head position) located?
Within the utricle
35
Which bones form the bridge of the nose?
Nasal bones
36
What structures do the nasal bones articulate with?
Frontal bone and frontal process of maxilla
37
Which cartilage forms most of the boundaries of the nostril?
Alar cartilage
38
What is the function of the posterior nares?
Allows communication between the nasal cavity and other airways
39
Which structures complete the nasal septum?
Vomer, ethmoid bone and septal cartilage
40
Which structure allows communication between nasal cavity and other airways?
Posterior nares
41
What are possible consequences of a nose break involving the ethmoid bone?
- Bacteria from nasal cavity can spread to the meninges - Blood may extend into the meninges and possibly involve the subarachnoid space - Rhinorrhea
42
What are features of the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
-Olfactory area constitutes the top third of the cavity: contains olfactory epithelium and primary afferent neurons -Respiratory area constitutes pseudostratified columnar epithelium -Lined by highly vascular mucous membrane -Vestibule lined by skin and hair
43
What is the function of highly vascular mucous membranes in the nasal cavity?
- warms and humidifies air to prevent smooth muscle spasms - mucous production - lines most of nasal cavity except vestibule
44
What are features of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
- Turbinate bones (superior, middle and inferior concha) - Vestibule - Lined by highly vascular mucous membrane
45
What is the function of turbinate bones?
Produce turbulent air in order to increase air exposure to vascular mucosa
46
Which sinuses are innervated by V1 of trigeminal?
Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid
47
Which sinus is innervated by V2 of trigeminal?
Maxillary
48
Which duct opens into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
49
What is the blood supply to the superior aspects of both lateral and nasal walls of nasal cavity?
Anterior an posterior ethmoidal arteries
50
What is the blood supply to the posterior aspect of both lateral and nasal walls of the nasal cavity?
Sphenopalatine artery
51
What is the blood supply to the inferior aspect of both the lateral and nasal walls of the nasal cavity?
Great palatine artery
52
What is the blood supply to the anterior aspect of both the lateral and nasal walls of the nasal cavity?
Lateral wall - facial artery | Nasal wall - labial artery
53
What is the nerve supply to the anterosuperior half of the nasal cavity?
V1 of trigeminal - nasociliary nerve
54
What is the nerve supply to the posteroinferior half of the nasal cavity?
V2 of trigeminal - greater and lesser palatine nerves
55
What are the boundaries of the pharynx?
Base of skull to C6/lower border of cricoid cartilage
56
What is the role of the constrictor muscles in the pharynx?
Contraction encourages bolus of food down into oesophagus | Create a sling to close off the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx during swallowing
57
What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?
- Sphenoid bone superiorly - Superior constrictor muscle posteriorly - Soft palate and uvula inferiorly
58
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)?
Just deep to the mucosa at the roof of the nasopharynx
59
Which muscle opens the auditory tube when contracted?
Salpingopharyngeus
60
Which bones form the hard palate?
Maxilla and palatine bone
61
Which structures make up the roof of the mouth?
- Alveolar arch - Hard palate - Soft palate - Uvula
62
Which bones form the floor of the mouth?
Mandible and hyoid bone
63
What muscles attach mandible to hyoid bone?
- Digastic - Mylohoid - Geniohyoid
64
What are the divisions of the tongue and what delineates these divisions?
Anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 | Divided by sulcus terminalis
65
Which muscle retracts the tongue?
Styloglossus
66
What muscle elevates the tongue?
Palatoglossus
67
What muscle protrudes the tongue?
Genioglossus
68
What muscle depresses the tongue?
Hypoglossus
69
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- Styloglossus - Palatoglossus - Genioglossus - Hypoglossus
70
What nerve innervates styloglossus?
XII
71
What nerve innervates palatoglossus?
CN X
72
What extrinsic tongue muscles does CN XII innervate?
- Styloglossus - Genioglossus - Hypoglossus
73
What extrinsic tongue muscle does CN X innervate?
Palatoglossus
74
What nerve innervates genioglossus?
XII
75
What nerve innervates hypoglossus?
XII
76
Which nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
XII
77
What is the sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharygeal
78
What portion of the tongue does glossopharyngeal provide sensory innervation?
Posterior 1/3
79
Which nerve provides taste info from anterior 2/3 of tongue?
Chorda tympani (branch of CN VII)
80
Which nerve provide general sensory info from anterior 2/3 of tongue?
Lingual nerve (branch of V3 of trigeminal)
81
Which nerve innervate the teeth of the maxilla (upper teeth)?
Posterior superior alveolar nerve
82
Which nerve innervates the teeth of the mandible (lower teeth)?
Inferior alveolar nerve
83
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
- Parotid - Sublingual - Submandibular
84
Which gland wraps around the free posterior edge of mylohyoid muscle?
Submandibular
85
Which muscle does submandibular gland wrap around?
Myelohyoid
86
What structures are in the oropharynx?
- Palatal arches (palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal) - Palatine tonsils - Uvula - Palatoglossal muscle - Palatopharyneal muscle
87
Where are the palatal arches in relation to each other?
Palatoglossal arch sits anterior to palatopharyngeal arch
88
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
Between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
89
What are the functions of the soft palate?
- When elevated, seals nasal cavity during swallowing, coughing and suction - When depressed, seals oral cavity to allow unimpeded breathing during chewing
90
Which nerve innervates tensor veli palatini?
Trigeminal
91
What nerve innervates the muscles which move the soft palate?
Pharyngeal branches of vagus (excl. tensor veli palatini)
92
Which muscle that attaches to the soft palate is innervated by trigeminal?
Tensor veli palatini
93
What is Waldeyer's ring?
Incomplete ring of lymphoid tissue
94
What are the boundaries of the larynx?
Begins at epiglottis and ends at inferior border of cricoid cartilage at level of C6
95
What are the structures of the laryngeal skeleton?
From superior to inferior: - Hyoid bone - Thyroid cartilage - Cricoid cartilage
96
What attaches to the arytenoid cartilage and where?
Vocal ligaments attach to anterior vocal proccess
97
What attaches to muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage?
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
98
What are the processes of the arytenoid cartilage and where are they?
Vocal process is anterior and muscular process is posterior
99
What are the movements displayed by the arytenoid cartilages?
Swivelling | Sliding towards each other
100
Where do the vocal ligaments attach?
Attach to vocal processes of arytenoid cartilage
101
What are the 2 folds of mucosa in the larynx?
Vestibular fold is false vocal cord which is superior to the true vocal fold
102
To produce phonation how should the vocal ligaments move?
Adducted
103
To allow for breathing, how should the vocal folds move?
Abducted
104
Which muscle abducts the vocal ligaments to allow for breathing?
Posterior cricoarytenoid
105
Which muscle adducts the vocal ligaments to allow for phonation?
Lateral cricoarytenoid
107
Which nerve supplies cricothyroid muscle?
External laryngeal
108
Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles aside from cricothyroid?
Inferior laryngeal
109
Which nerves provides sensory innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Recurrent laryngeal
110
What is the blood supply of the larynx?
Superior thyroid arteries | Inferior thyroid veins
111
Which nerve forms the afferent arc of the gag reflex?
CN IX
112
What is the sensory supply of the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal branches of V2
113
What is the sensory supply of oropharynx?
Pharyngeal branches of CN IX
114
What is the sensory supply of the laryngopharynx?
Vagus
115
Which nerve is involved in swallowing and in the efferent arc of the gag reflex?
Vagus
116
What is the motor nerve supply to the pharynx?
Mostly from pharyngeal branches of the vagus excl. stylopharyngeus
117
Which nerve innervates stylopharyngeus?
Glossopharyngeal
119
Which nerve supplies the larynx?
Branches of vagus

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