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neuroscience > Anatomy - Skull, Face, Arterial Supply to Brain > Flashcards

Anatomy - Skull, Face, Arterial Supply to Brain Flashcards

0
Q

What bones articulate to form the coronal suture?

A

Frontal bone articulates with parietal bone

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1
Q

What are the bones of the skull made of?

A 
External and internal tables of compact bone
Spongy bone (diploë bone) in between the external and internal tables
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2
Q

What bones articulate to form the sagittal suture?

A

Left and right parietal bones articulate

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3
Q

What grooves the internal surface of the pterion?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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4
Q

What bones articulate to form the pterion suture?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones

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5
Q

What demarcates the vertical and horizontal plates of the frontal bone?

A

supraorbital margin

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6
Q

What bones articulate to form the lambdoid suture?

A

Left and right parietal bones articulate with occipital bone

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7
Q

What is the supraorbital margin?

A

Demarcation between vertical and horizontal plates of the frontal bone

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8
Q

What is the flat aspect of the temporal bones?

A

Squamous part of temporal bones

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9
Q

What are the projections that come off the squamous part of the temporal bone?

A
  • zygomatic process anteriorly which articulates with zygoma
  • mastoid process posteriorly which gives attachment to SCM
  • styloid process inferiorly which give attachment to muscles of oral cavity and pharynx
  • petrous part projects into cranium and forms part of cranial floor
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10
Q

What structure sits between the cribiform plates?

A

Cristagalli

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11
Q

Which bone sits between the eyes?

A

Ethmoid bone

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12
Q

What is transmitted through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

Olfactory nerve fibres

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13
Q

Through what structure do the olfactory nerve fibres travel through?

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

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14
Q

Where does the pituitary sit?

A

Within the body of sphenoid bone - sella turcica

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15
Q

What are the main features of sphenoid bone?

A

Superior orbital fissure separates lesser and greater wings

Lesser wing sits anterosuperior to greater wing

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16
Q

What bones form the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Horizontal plate of frontal bone
Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
Lesser wings of sphenoid bone

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17
Q

What bones form the middle cranial fossa?

A

Greater wings of sphenoid bone
Body of sphenoid bone (sella turcica)
Petrous part of temporal bone

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18
Q

What are the components of the frontal bone?

A

Vertical plate forms the forehead and horizontal plate forms the roof of the orbits

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19
Q

What bones form the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Occipital bone

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20
Q

What structures transmit through optic canal?

A

Optic nerve

Ophthalmic artery

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21
Q

Which structures transmit through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, IV, VI and V1 of trigeminal

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22
Q

Which structures transmit through foramen rotundum?

A

V2 of trigeminal nerve

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23
Q

Which structures transmit through foramen ovale

A

V3 of trigeminal

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24
Q

Which structures transmit through foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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25
Q

Which structures transmit through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII and VIII

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26
Q

Which structures transmit through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X, XI, and internal jugular vein

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27
Q

Which structures transmit through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII

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28
Q

Where is the optic canal located?

A

Between the body of sphenoid and lesser wing of sphenoid

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29
Q

Which foramenae are located in the middle cranial fossaa?

A
  • Optic canal
  • Superior orbital fissure
  • Foramen rotundum
  • Foramen ovale
  • Foramen spinosum
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30
Q

Which foramenae are located in the posterior cranial fossa?

A
  • Internal acoustic meatus
  • Jugular foramen
  • Hypoglossal canal
  • Foramen magnum
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31
Q

Where is the internal acoustic meatus located?

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

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32
Q

Where is the jugular foramen located?

A

Between petrous part of temporal bone and occipital bone

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33
Q

Where is the extradural/epidural space?

A

Between skull and dura

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34
Q

If meningeal arteries rupture, where will blood collect?

A

Extradural space

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35
Q

Where is the subdural space?

A

Between dura and arachnoid mater

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36
Q

If venous haemorrhage occurs, where will blood collect?

A

Subdural space

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37
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

Between arachnoid and pia mater

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38
Q

Which space is occupied by CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space

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39
Q

What is the function of dural petitions?

A

Restrict rotatory displacement of brain

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40
Q

What are the 4 dural petitions?

A
  • Tentorium cerebelli
  • Falx cerebelli
  • Falx cerebri
  • Diaphragma sellae
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41
Q

Where is the falx cerebri and what are its margins?

A

Between the cerebral hemispheres in a sagittal plane
Upper margin attaches to skull
Attaches to crista galli anteriorly
Attaches to internal aspect of occipital protuberance posteriorly

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42
Q

Where is falx cerebelli?

A

Beneath tentorium cerebelli in the posterior cranial fossa

Lodges between left and right cerebellar hemispheres in sagittal plane

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43
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Separates the occipital lobes from the cerebellum

Roof over posterior cranial fossa in a horizontal plane

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44
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses?

A

Endothelial-lined spaces existing between inner and outer layers of dura

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45
Q

Which veins drain the scalp?

A

Emissary veins

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46
Q

What do emissary veins drain?

A

Scalp

47
Q

What do diploic veins drain?

A

Drain the layer of spongy bone between the 2 layers of compact bone in the skull

48
Q

Which veins drain the spongy bone within the skull?

A

Diploic veins

49
Q

What are the main dural venous sinuses?

A
  • Superior sagittal sinus
  • Inferior sagittal sinus
  • Great cerebral vein
  • Straight sinus
  • Confluence of sinuses
  • Transverse sinus
  • Sigmoid sinus
  • Cavernous sinus
50
Q

Which veins drain into the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Diploic veins and emissary veins

51
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?

A

Above falx cerebri

52
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus located?

A

Inferior margin of the falx cerebri

53
Q

What forms the straight sinus?

A

Great cerebral vein and inferior sagittal sinus

54
Q

Where does straight sinus run?

A

Along the junction between falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

55
Q

What forms the confluence of sinuses?

A

Superior sagittal sinus meets with the straight sinus (formed by inferior sagittal sinus and Great cerebral vein)

56
Q

Where is confluence of sinuses located?

A

Internal aspect of occipital protuberance

57
Q

Which sinuses come off the confluence of sinuses?

A

Left and right transverse sinuses

58
Q

What is the sigmoid sinus?

A

Transverse sinus becomes sigmoid sinus when it leaves the tentorium and snakes down to the jugular foramen

59
Q

Which sinus exits the jugular foramen as the internal jugular vein?

A

Sigmoid sinus

60
Q

What does the sigmoid sinus become when it exits the jugular forman?

A

Internal jugular vein?

61
Q

What foramen does the sigmoid sinus travel through?

A

Jugular foramen?

62
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus?

A

On either side of the body of sphenoid

63
Q

What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?

A

Maxillary artery

64
Q

Through which foramen does the maxillary artery enter the cranium?

A

Foramen spinosum in the middle cranial fossa

65
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery lie?

A

Lies in the extra/epidural space immediately deep to pterion

66
Q

What are the margins of the scalp?

A

Occipital protuberance to supraorbital margins (posterior to anterior)
Level of zygomatic arches (laterally)

67
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin and hair follicles
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
68
Q

What is the origin and insertion of muscles of facial expression?

A
  • Arise from bone or fascia

- Attach to skin of face

69
Q

What is the embryological origin of the muscles of facial expression?

A

Derived from the second pharyngeal arch

70
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the face and scalp anterior to the ear?

A

CNV

71
Q

What is the sensory innervation of scalp, head posterior to the ears and neck?

A

Dorsal rami of C2 and C3 (neck)

72
Q

Which division of trigeminal exits the superior orbital fissure?

A

V1

73
Q

Which division of trigeminal exits foramen rotundum?

A

V2

74
Q

Which division of trigeminal exits foramen ovale?

A

V3

75
Q

Where does trigeminal ganglion lie?

A

Apex of petrous part of temporal bone

76
Q

Which arteries supply the superficial face?

A

Branches of internal and external carotid arteries

77
Q

Which arteries supply the centre of the forehead?

A

Supratrochlear branches of ICA (more medial)

Supraorbital branches of ICA (more lateral)

78
Q

Which artery supplies the side of the scalp?

A

Superficial temporal artery (branch of ECA)

79
Q

What structure does superficial temporal artery pass over?

A

Zygomatic arch

80
Q

What is the main arterial supply to the face?

A

Facial artery (branch of ECA)

81
Q

What is the course of the facial artery?

A

Winds over inferior angle of the mandible onto the face

Tortuous course over the face to the medial angle of the eye

82
Q

What are 4 branches of the external carotid artery?

A
  • superficial temporal a.
  • facial a.
  • posterior auricular a.
  • occipital a.
83
Q

What is the main venous drainage of the face?

A

Facial vein

84
Q

What is the course of the facial vein?

A

Runs posterior to facial a.

Has a straighter course and is more superficial

85
Q

Where do all the lymph nodes of the face drain into?

A

Deep cervical node

86
Q

Where does the parotid gland sit?

A
  • below zygomatic arch of temporal bone
  • in front of ear and mastoid process of temporal bone
  • above the angle of the mandible
  • behind masseter
  • superficial to styloid process
87
Q

What is the neurovascular bundle that runs within the parotid gland?

A

Nerve, vein, artery (superficial to deep)

  • CNVII
  • retromandibular vein
  • external carotid artery
88
Q

What is the course of the parotid duct?

A

Emerges from anterior border of parotid gland onto masseter

Turns inwards at the anterior edge of masseter, pierces buxinator and enters oral cavity near 2nd upper molar

89
Q

What is the course of facial nerve?

A

Exits cranium via internal acoustic meatus
Travels through temporal bone
Exits via stylomastoid foramen
Gives off posterior auricular branch to innervate occipitalis
Enters posteromedial surface of parotid gland
Forms parotid plexus (pes anserinus)

90
Q

What are the 5 terminal branches of facial nerve?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
91
Q

What veins form the retromandibular vein?

A

Superficial temporal and maxillary veins

92
Q

Where does external carotid artery divide into its 2 terminal branches?

A

within parotid gland

93
Q

What branches does external carotid artery give off in the parotid gland?

A

Maxillary artery

Superficial temporal artery

94
Q

Which arteries form the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebro-basilar system and internal carotid artery

95
Q

What does anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial parts of frontal and parietal lobes

96
Q

What territories does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Motor and sensory cortices for lower limb

Medial part of precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

97
Q

What are the consequences of a stroke in ACA territory?

A
  • Contralateral hemisensory loss

- Contralateral hemiparesis

98
Q

What territories does the MCA supply?

A 
Motor and sensory cortices for most of body (excl. lower limb)
Language areas (Broca's and Wernicke's)
99
Q

What are possible consequences of a stroke in MCA territory?

A
  • Contralateral hemisensory loss for body and upper limbs
  • Possible contralateral hemisensory loss in face
  • Contralateral hemiparesis
  • Aphasias
100
Q

What territories does posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial and inferior surfaces of temporal and occipital lobes including visual cortex

101
Q

What are the possible consequences of a stroke in PCA territory?

A
  • Visual disturbances

- Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

102
Q

What arteries supply deep structures?

A

Small perforating arteries

103
Q

Which arteries supply the basal ganglia and internal capsule?

A

Lenticulostriate arteries

104
Q

Which arteries unite to from the basilar artery?

A

Vertebral arteries

105
Q

What arteries supply the cerebellum?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar a.
Anterior inferior cerebellar a.
Superior cerebellar a.

106
Q

Which artery supplies most of the midbrain?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

107
Q

Which artery supplies the ventro-medial aspect of the pons?

A

Basilar artery

108
Q

Which artery supplies the dorso-lateral aspect of the medulla?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

109
Q

Which artery supplies ventrolateral aspect of medulla (olives)?

A

Vertebral artery

110
Q

Which artery supplies medial strip of the medulla?

A

Anterior spinal artery

111
Q

What are possible consequences of a cerebrovascular event to anterior spinal artery (medial medullary syndrome)?

A
  • Loss of function of hypoglossal nerve will cause ipsilateral paralysis and atrophy of the tongue
  • Loss of function of medial lemniscus will cause contralateral hemianaesthesia
  • Loss of function of pyramids affecting the cortiospinal tract will cause contralateral hemiparesis
112
Q

What structures does the anterior spinal artery supply?

A
  • Hypoglossal nerve
  • Medial lemniscus
  • Pyramids
113
Q

Which artery supplies most of the ventral surface of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior spinal artery

114
Q

Which arteries do the posterior spinal arteries originate from?

A

Vertebral arteries

115
Q

Which arteries supply the posterolateral surface of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior spinal arteries

Segmental arteries branching from the aorta

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