Psychology 241 Final Flashcards
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Severity = level system
Deflicts in social communication
Deflicts in social emotional reiprocity - failure if emotions
Non verbal communication
Social interactions are poor
Deflicts in developing, maintaining, understanding relationship
Restrictive and repetitive patterns
Clinical Autism
Social reciporcity
reduced abilkty to engage in joint attention, eye contact, gestures. language and shared moments
Limited theory of the mind
reduced ability to attribute mental states
ex = beliefs, intents, desires, emotion, knowledge
Clinical autism
Communication Deflicts
- vary in language related skills (25% don’t develop speech)
- lack facial expressions + tones
- May develop repetition of speech
- May engage in one-sided convos
Clinical Autism
Both 1 and 2 can negatively affect development/maintence/understanding of relationships
Autism stereotypes
repetitive motor moements, use of objects, or speech.
Hours of making stereotyped movements
Rigid ritual + obessive interests
Maintenance
need to maintain things in certain order, to maintain stable routine
Interference may cause anxiety and tantrums
Fixated interests
Excessive or low sensitivity sensory input
3 Levels of ASD
(1)
requring support
- issues with poor organization, switching activities, poor social skills, making friends odd/unsucessful
Level 2 of ASD
Requiring substancal support
- Difficulties in verbal/nonverbal, repitive behaviours, difficulties chaning activities /focus
Level 3 ASD
Requiring very substanical support
- Severe verbal/nonverbal issues, very imited speech, ood/repetitive behaviour, may express basic needs only
Onset
Symptoms identified between 12-24 month of age eary developmental delays
- losses of social/language
Causes
Genetic
- May be associated between ASD + genes (low oxytocin) responsible for brain chem oxytocin (bonding, trust, reduce, fear)
400-1000 genes responsible
Biological
- Brain has abnormal pattern of connectivity and functional organization of brain network
- Delay in maturation of frontal cortex
- Amygdala overgrowth - involved in emotional perception/response, enhanced fear, anxiety (social withdraw)
- atypical in volume/shape of hippocampus
Smaller cerebellum ( social cognition, body/mind reading
Mood
Predominant feeling state of individual
Low = depression
High = Mania
Unipolar Mood disorder
- Mood remains at one pole of depression-mania continuum
- Depressive of unipolar mania
Bipolar Disorder
Mood travles between depression mania poles
Major depressive disorder
- Depressive Mood
- Loss of interest/pleasure
- Weight gain/loss
- Insomnia/hypersomnia
- Psychomotor agitation or retardation
- Fatigue
- Feeling of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
- Diminished ability to think or concentrate
- Recurrent thought of death (not fear of dying) suicidal
permpartum
Baby Blues – Mood swings, 1-5 days after birth, 40-80% of women
Peripartum/postpartum: 10% of women have during pregnancy or within first year (normal in first 4 weeks.
Persistent Depressive Disorders
- Poor appetite or overeating
- Insomnia or Hypersomnia
- Low energy or fatigue
- Low self esteem
- Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
- Feelings of hopelessness
Neurobiology of depressive disorders
- Chemical Imbalance: Low levels of serotonin
SSRI – increase levels of serotonin and are effective – depression is related to low level of serotonin - Endocrine Response
Excessive production of cortisol from the adrenal cortex - Structural Difference
* Greater activity in the right side of brain (prefrontal cortex)
* Biological vulnerability to depression
* Amygdala overly active when processing negative info
* Reduce volume of grey matter (hippocampus)
Mood contribution
Psychological Contributions
- Dark cognitive triad (becks theory)
- Learned helplessness
Environmental Contributions
- Stress
- Traumatic events precede nearly all types of DE – 20%-50% individuals who experience traumatic event develop DD
- Lack of social support
- Marital dissatisfaction
pharmacological treatment for depressive disorder
- Drug treatment that are effective with adults, don’t work as well on children
- Goal – may not be recovery (happens naturally for the majority of people) Delay next episode or prevent it
- Electroconvulsive treatment: small electric currents passed through brain, intentionally triggering brief seizure
- Transcranial Magnetic stimulation: magnetic coil over head to generate a precisely localized electromagnetic pulse
- CBT: Emotions- Cognitions-Behaviours
Clients are taught to identify cognitive errors that characterize depression, treatment inclines correcting cognitive errors substituting less depressing more realistic thoughts
Bipolar I Disorder: Manic Episode + depressive episode/hypomanic episode
- Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- Decreased need for sleep
- More talkative
- Flight of ideas
- Distractibility
- Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
- Excessive involvement in activities that have high potential for painful consequences (marked impairment and /or hospitalization
Bipolar II Disorder + Hypomanic episodes
- Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- Decreased need for sleep
- More talkative
- Flight of Ideas
- Distractibility
- Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
- Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences
(not lead to marked impairment and/or hospitalization)
causes of Bipolar
Biological contributions – Genetic factors explain up to 40-70% of the variability in the expression of the disorder
Psychological contributions
For Mania:
- Elevated sensitivity and reactions
- Elevations in confidence and goal setting increases in activity that contribute to hyperstimulation and decreased sleep
- Impulsivity (tendency to act without thinking)
Environmental:
Stressful events can trigger early mania and depression
Pharmacological Treatment (Bipolar)
- Lithium: mood-stabilizing drug
- Side effects: tremor, thirst, diarrhea, vomiting, weight gain
- 50% of bipolar patients respond well
- Most effective in preventing suicide
Problem with drug treatment for bipolar – people usually like the euphotic or high feeling that mania produces – less likely to take medications
Until recent, goal was to increase compliance with lithium regimens
- Effective to improve adherence, and resulted in better outcomes for most sever patients
- Interpersonal and social rhythm – treatment that regulated eating, sleeping cycles anf helps cope with stressful life events
- Family Focused treatment – combined with medications resulted in the frequency of the relapses and longer period between episodes
Binge Eating Disorder
a. Recurrent episodes of binge eating (BE)
b. BE is associated with at least 3 of:
- eating rapidly
- eating till uncomfortably full
- eating a lot, but not hungry
- eating alone, because embarrassed
- self-disgust
c. Severe distress
d. D. a&b at least 1/week for 3 months
e. No compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain
Bulimia Nervosa
a. Recurrent episodes of binge eating (large amounts/lack of control)
b. Inappropriate compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain
c. a & b at least 1/week for 3 months
d. body weight deeply affects self-evaluation
e. Not only in the context of anorexia nervosa
Medical consequences
Vomiting: Electrolyte imbalance: imbalance of sodium and potassium levels, dental enamel erosion, cardiac arrhythmia, kidney failure, parotid swelling
Laxatives: electrolyte imbalance, colon damage, kidney inflammation, cardiac complications, dehydration that can lead to problems at muscular-skeleton level.
Associated psychological disorders
- Substance abuse
- Borderline personality disorder
- Anxiety disorder
- Mood disorder
anorexia Nervosa x2
a. Sever caloric restriction (severe weight loss, BMI ,18
b. Fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
c. Distorted body image
Medical Consequences
- Amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation)
- Dry Skin
- Brittle hair or nails
- Sensitivity to cold temperature
- Lanugo (downy hair on limbs and cheeks
- Cardiovascular problem (low blood pressure and heart rate)
Eating disorder contributions
Social, media, friends, family, cultural, anxiety
Treatment anorexia
currently no drug treatment is effective, antidepressants are used to treat associated symptoms
Treatment Bulimia
antidepressant medications (SSRI) reduce frequency of binge eating and purging. Most effective in combination with psychological treatments.
Bulimia cognitive aspects
teaching patients about the consequences of overeating and purging and the ineffectiveness of vomiting and laxative abuse
- Behavioural Aspects: eat small, manageable meals multiple times a day eighth short interval (less than three hours)
- Coping strategies to avoid binging and/or purging are identified
- CBT-E is the most effective followed by interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
- Family therapy
- Group psychoeducation
Anorexia Cognivitive
- First goal- restore patients’ weight (may need hospitalization)
- Focus on maladaptive thoughts and feelings:
- Anxiety about overweight
- Control overeating
- One factor that defines effectiveness of treatment is readiness for change
- Family therapy is effective to eliminate the negative and dysfunctional communication regardinf food and eating and to correct attitudes towards body shape and image distortion
The Big 5 Personality Traits
- Openness
- Neuroticism
- Agreeableness
- Extraversion
- Conscientiousness
Personality traits
stable enduring, disposition that persists over time and is at least partially inherited
Personality disorders
Stable patterns of behaviours and experiences that are considered deviant from what is “typical” for the individual’s context and culture. Normally these behaviours and experiences affect:
Self-concepts and thought about others, emotional responsiveness and regulation, relationships and others.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Lack of trust and suspiciousness of other behaviours and intentions characterized by at least the following:
- Symptoms begins during young adulthood
- Present in variety of situations
“GET FACT”
Grudges held for long periods
Exploitation expected
Trustworthiness of others doubted
Fidelity of sexual partner questioned
Attacks on character are perceived
Confides in others rarely
Threatening meanings read into event
Schizoid Personality disorder
Individuals have limited range of emotional expression and tend to avoid social interactions at least 4 of the following must be present
- Symptoms begins during young adulthood
- Present in a variety of situations
SIR SAFE
Solitary Lifestyle
Indifferent to praise or criticism
Relationships of no interest
Sexual experiences not of interest
Activities not enjoyed
Friends lacking
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Social difficulties, odd behaviour and cognitive/perceptual distortions, ad indicated by 5 of the following:
- Symptoms begin during young adulthood
- Present in variety of situation
UFO AIDER
Unusual perceptions
Friendless expect for family
Odd beliefs, thinking and speech
Affect – inappropriate, constricted
Ideas of reference
Doubts others – suspicious
Eccentric – appearance/behaviour
Reluctant in social situations, anxious
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviours
- Deceitfulness, repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning
- Impulsivity
- Irritability and aggressiveness
- Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
- Consistent irresponsibility
- Lack of remorse
B. at least 18 years old
C. Conduct disorder was present
D. Antisocial behaviour does not occur in the context of schizophrenia
Disregard for and violation so the rights of others, as indicated by three of the following.
- Symptoms begins during young adulthood
- Present in a variety of situations
CALLOUS MAN
Conduct disorder before age of 15
Current age at least 18
Antisocial acts: commits acts that are grounds for arrest
Lies frequently
Lacunae – lacks a superego
Unstable – can’t plan ahead
Safety of self and others ignored
Money problems – spouse and children are not supported
Aggressive, assaultive
Not occurring exclusively during schizophrenia or mania
Pscychopathy:
Biologically based. True lack of conscience/superego and a lack of genuine emotional reactions.
Sociopathy:
Environmentally based. Less severe than psychopathy
APD
More emphasis on behavioural expressions: breaking law, lying and impulsivity
Vulnerability to psychopathy may be inherited:
- Genetic defect involves a reduces production of enzyme MAOA (monoamine oxidase A) warrior gene on the short arm of the X chromosome
- Genetic Mutation – excessive buildup of neurotransmitters – higher risk for antisocial behaviours
- Genetic predisposition + experience of child abuse = develop Antisocial Behaviours
Neurobiological Hypothesis
1) Under arousal hypothesis: Individuals with APD have low levels of cortical arousal. Abnormally low level would be the cause of their antisocial and risk taking behaviours – seek stimulation to boos level of neural arousal
2) Fearless hypothesis: Many psychopaths have higher threshold for experiencing fear, this explains all the major features of the syndrome.
Psychological and social contributions
- Failure to abandon unachievable goals
- Family effects
- Low discipline
- Low sical status
- Give in to problems with children
Borderline Personality Disorder
Unstable relationships; unstable self-image; unstable affects and overall impulsivity as characterized by 5 of the following:
- Symptoms begins during young adulthood
- Present in a variety of situations
“I RAISED A PAIN”
Identity disturbance
Relationships avoided
Implusive
Suicidal gestures
Emptiness
Dissociative symptoms
Affective instability
Paranoid Ideation
Anger is poorly controlled
Idealization followed by devaluation
Negativistic
BPD
- 0.5-5.9%
- Women make up 75% of cases
- Symptoms improve after 40, up to 10% dies of suicide
Biological Contributions
- Genetic influence
Psychological contributions
- Cognitive bias towards stimuli that are related to the disorder (memory experiment)
Environmental Contributions
- Childhood trauma (sexual abuse or trauma)
Treatment:
Medications such as (tricyclic antidepressant, lithium, antipsychotics)
Dialectical behavior therapy
- Focus on coping with the stressor that leads to suicidal thoughts and maladaptive behaviour
- Emotions regulations
- Problem solving to find safer ways of dealing with stressful situations
