Psychology 2

Question 1

Humanist Psychology

Answer 1

-theory that believes people are good and focuses on helping people reach their potential by exploring their uniqueness

-believes that in order to understand a person’s behaviour, you need to understand a person’s perception of the world, experiences, and goals

Question 2

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 2

Base: Physiological Needs -basic
1: Saftey needs -basic
2: Belonging and love needs -psychological
3: Self esteem needs - psychological
4: self fulfillment/self actualization - self fulfillment

Question 3

Self -actualization:

Answer 3

Achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities, in Frankl’s perspective a by product of meaning

Question 4

Criticism of Maslow’s Hierarchy

Answer 4

-not based on scientific experimental research
-“self actualized individuals” listed by Maslow were highly educated white males
-focuses on American culture and an individualist society, doesn’t reflect cultures that value loyalty to group and collectivism
-some people can be deprived of lower needs but still strive for higher needs

Question 5

Frankl’s values

Answer 5

Attitudinal: capacity for resilience, experiencing other people for their uniqueness and potential, reacting to suffering
Experiential: finding beauty, truth, or kindness in love or nature, finding meaning in an experience without accomplishing something
Creative values: doing a deed, creating something and fulfilling it

Question 6

Logotherapy

Answer 6

meaning centred psychotherapy, finding one’s meaning and going from there, uncovering the desire to find meaning

Question 7

Existential vacuum

Answer 7

Void, apathy, lack of interest in the world and lack of initiative for change

Question 8

Carl Rogers

Answer 8

-agreed with Maslow’s idea of humans reaching self actualization
-in order to reach this, Roger’s believed people need an environment of genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

Question 9

Client Centred Therapy

Answer 9

-Carl Rogers established that the client plays an active role and is the expert
-“clients” not patients
-therapists must be warm, genuine, and understanding

3 Conditions
1. Congruence: therapist is authentic and open
2. Accurate Empathy: therapist understands clients feelings and communicates that back effectively
3. Unconditional Positive Regard: non judgemental stance allows client to discuss all kinds of issues

-counsellor must be positive and optimistic abt human nature
-clients know what is best for them

Question 10

Humanist Psychology people

Answer 10

Maslow- hierarchy of needs
Frankl - Logotherapy
Rogers - CCT

Question 11

Cognitive psychology

Answer 11

study and application of how the brain learns
Bandura: social cognitive theory and Triadic reciprocal causation
Loftus: false memories and shopping mall experiment

Question 12

Cognition

Answer 12

Mental processes in the brain associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering

Question 13

Social cognitive therapy

Answer 13

-framework to understand, predict, and change human behaviour
-learning takes place through observation, imitation, and modelling, differs from skinner bc of emphasis on inner motivational factors

Question 14

Bandura’s social cognitive theory

Answer 14

-human behaviour is an interaction between personal, behaviour, and environmental factors

Question 15

Personal factors

Answer 15

Thoughts, feelings, biology

Question 16

Triadic reciprocal causation

Answer 16

Personal, behaviour, and environmental factors affect each other and make up human behaviour

Question 17

Bobo Doll

Answer 17

Children imitated behaviour of adults in real life and on the screen towards the Bobo doll

Question 18

Elizabeth loftus

Answer 18

-false memories, flexibility and reliability of repressed memories
-shopping mall experiment
-repressed trauma events discovered later in life rarely exist and can be caused by suggestion

Question 19

Developmental Psychology

Answer 19

-physiological dev., how we change
-theories to help us understand stages of human development
-Freud (psychosexual development), Piaget (cognitive development)

Question 20

Freud’s Developmental Psychoanalytical Theory

Answer 20

-individuals go through childhood and adolescence in stages that shape their adult personality
-behaviour is influenced by the unconscious mind
-child sexuality and unconscious influence personality

Question 21

Fixation

Answer 21

-focusing on an earlier stage of psychosexual development due to unresolved conflict at an earlier stage

Question 22

Jean Piaget Cognitive Theories of Development

Answer 22

Worked on children’s logical and intellectual abilities, provided single biggest impact on the dev of the human thought process

Question 23

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Dev

Answer 23

1. Oral (birth to 18 mo)
   sucking, chewing, biting, causes overeating, smoking, nail biting
2. Anal (18 mo to 3 yrs)
   pleasure from controlling anus (toilet training), can become OCD and obsessed with cleanliness/ perfection (retentive) or very messy (expulsive)
3. Phallic (3-6 yrs)
   -Oedipus complex, genitals as pleasure, boys compete with dad bc they desire mom

4.Latency (6-puberty)
-same sex friends mostly, dormant sexuality, repression so no issues

5. Genital (puberty onward)
   -direct sexual urges towards opposite sex, no issues, final stage

Question 24

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 24

Stage 1 Sensorimotor (birth- 2 yrs)
-experience world in senses and actions
-use info from senses to respond effectively
-at 7mo begin to understand object permanence

Stage 2 Pre-operational (2-6 yrs)
-dev lang and use of symbols, memories, and imagination
- non logical thinking
-groups objects by single feature
-thinking is egocentric

Stage 3 Concrete Operational 7-11 yrs
-develop logic, ability to link concrete objects to symbols and use them
-becoming less egocentric

Stage 4 Operational (12+)
-able to link symbols to abstract ideas
-becomes egocentric at the beginning
-not all adults reach this stage

Question 25

Psychosocial

Answer 25

Involving both psychological and social aspects

Question 26

Erik Erickson

Answer 26

-Psychosocial Stages of development
-Identity Crisis

Question 27

Identity Crisis

Answer 27

-feeling uncertainty about one’s place in society
-a person loses their sense of self and may suffer role confusion
-identity crisis first occurs in adolescence
-every stage has developmental tasks called crises as well as an optimal time (Critical Period)
-if a stage is managed well, we carry away a certain virtue or psychological strength to help us through other stages