Psychology 2 Flashcards
Humanist Psychology
-theory that believes people are good and focuses on helping people reach their potential by exploring their uniqueness
-believes that in order to understand a person’s behaviour, you need to understand a person’s perception of the world, experiences, and goals
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Base: Physiological Needs -basic
1: Saftey needs -basic
2: Belonging and love needs -psychological
3: Self esteem needs - psychological
4: self fulfillment/self actualization - self fulfillment
Self -actualization:
Achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities, in Frankl’s perspective a by product of meaning
Criticism of Maslow’s Hierarchy
-not based on scientific experimental research
-“self actualized individuals” listed by Maslow were highly educated white males
-focuses on American culture and an individualist society, doesn’t reflect cultures that value loyalty to group and collectivism
-some people can be deprived of lower needs but still strive for higher needs
Frankl’s values
Attitudinal: capacity for resilience, experiencing other people for their uniqueness and potential, reacting to suffering
Experiential: finding beauty, truth, or kindness in love or nature, finding meaning in an experience without accomplishing something
Creative values: doing a deed, creating something and fulfilling it
Logotherapy
meaning centred psychotherapy, finding one’s meaning and going from there, uncovering the desire to find meaning
Existential vacuum
Void, apathy, lack of interest in the world and lack of initiative for change
Carl Rogers
-agreed with Maslow’s idea of humans reaching self actualization
-in order to reach this, Roger’s believed people need an environment of genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
Client Centred Therapy
-Carl Rogers established that the client plays an active role and is the expert
-“clients” not patients
-therapists must be warm, genuine, and understanding
3 Conditions
1. Congruence: therapist is authentic and open
2. Accurate Empathy: therapist understands clients feelings and communicates that back effectively
3. Unconditional Positive Regard: non judgemental stance allows client to discuss all kinds of issues
-counsellor must be positive and optimistic abt human nature
-clients know what is best for them
Humanist Psychology people
Maslow- hierarchy of needs
Frankl - Logotherapy
Rogers - CCT
Cognitive psychology
study and application of how the brain learns
Bandura: social cognitive theory and Triadic reciprocal causation
Loftus: false memories and shopping mall experiment
Cognition
Mental processes in the brain associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering
Social cognitive therapy
-framework to understand, predict, and change human behaviour
-learning takes place through observation, imitation, and modelling, differs from skinner bc of emphasis on inner motivational factors
Bandura’s social cognitive theory
-human behaviour is an interaction between personal, behaviour, and environmental factors
Personal factors
Thoughts, feelings, biology
Triadic reciprocal causation
Personal, behaviour, and environmental factors affect each other and make up human behaviour
Bobo Doll
Children imitated behaviour of adults in real life and on the screen towards the Bobo doll
Elizabeth loftus
-false memories, flexibility and reliability of repressed memories
-shopping mall experiment
-repressed trauma events discovered later in life rarely exist and can be caused by suggestion
Developmental Psychology
-physiological dev., how we change
-theories to help us understand stages of human development
-Freud (psychosexual development), Piaget (cognitive development)
Freud’s Developmental Psychoanalytical Theory
-individuals go through childhood and adolescence in stages that shape their adult personality
-behaviour is influenced by the unconscious mind
-child sexuality and unconscious influence personality
Fixation
-focusing on an earlier stage of psychosexual development due to unresolved conflict at an earlier stage
Jean Piaget Cognitive Theories of Development
Worked on children’s logical and intellectual abilities, provided single biggest impact on the dev of the human thought process
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Dev
- Oral (birth to 18 mo)
sucking, chewing, biting, causes overeating, smoking, nail biting - Anal (18 mo to 3 yrs)
pleasure from controlling anus (toilet training), can become OCD and obsessed with cleanliness/ perfection (retentive) or very messy (expulsive) - Phallic (3-6 yrs)
-Oedipus complex, genitals as pleasure, boys compete with dad bc they desire mom
4.Latency (6-puberty)
-same sex friends mostly, dormant sexuality, repression so no issues
- Genital (puberty onward)
-direct sexual urges towards opposite sex, no issues, final stage
Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development
Stage 1 Sensorimotor (birth- 2 yrs)
-experience world in senses and actions
-use info from senses to respond effectively
-at 7mo begin to understand object permanence
Stage 2 Pre-operational (2-6 yrs)
-dev lang and use of symbols, memories, and imagination
- non logical thinking
-groups objects by single feature
-thinking is egocentric
Stage 3 Concrete Operational 7-11 yrs
-develop logic, ability to link concrete objects to symbols and use them
-becoming less egocentric
Stage 4 Operational (12+)
-able to link symbols to abstract ideas
-becomes egocentric at the beginning
-not all adults reach this stage
