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Sam's Social Studies > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Awareness of thoughts, feelings, and surroundings.

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2
Q

What does the unconscious mind refer to in psychology?

A

Thoughts and memories outside conscious awareness that influence behavior.

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3
Q

Define cognitive dissonance.

A

The discomfort felt when holding contradictory beliefs or behaviors.

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4
Q

What are the two types of conditioning?

A
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Operant Conditioning
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5
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.

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6
Q

What are the two types of memory?

A
  • Short-term Memory
  • Long-term Memory
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7
Q

What is a schema?

A

Mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information.

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8
Q

What does metacognition mean?

A

Thinking about one’s own thinking.

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9
Q

What is problem-solving?

A

Strategies the brain uses to analyze and overcome obstacles.

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10
Q

Define heuristics.

A

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb for quick decision-making.

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11
Q

What is the nature vs. nurture debate?

A

Debate over genetic inheritance vs. environmental influence on behavior.

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12
Q

What does attachment theory explain?

A

How early relationships with caregivers shape emotional bonds.

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13
Q

What are critical periods in developmental psychology?

A

Specific timeframes in which certain developments must occur for proper growth.

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14
Q

What are Erikson’s psychosocial stages?

A

Eight stages of social and emotional development throughout life.

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15
Q

What is Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

A

Stages of children’s intellectual growth.

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16
Q

What are the Big Five personality traits?

A
  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
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17
Q

What is the difference between introversion and extraversion?

A

How individuals gain energy from solitude vs. social interactions.

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18
Q

Define self-efficacy.

A

One’s belief in their ability to succeed.

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19
Q

What is the locus of control?

A

The degree to which people believe they control their own fate.

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20
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

Unconscious strategies the mind uses to reduce anxiety.

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21
Q

What are social norms?

A

Shared rules of behavior expected in society.

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22
Q

Define conformity.

A

Adjusting behavior to fit in with a group.

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23
Q

What does obedience refer to in psychology?

A

Following authority figures.

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24
Q

What is groupthink?

A

Poor decision-making due to pressure for group consensus.

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25
What is the bystander effect?
People are less likely to help when others are present.
26
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A five-level model of human motivation from basic needs to self-actualization.
27
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Doing things for personal satisfaction vs. external rewards.
28
Define self-determination theory.
The need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness in motivation.
29
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions.
30
What is the fight or flight response?
The body’s reaction to perceived threats.
31
What characterizes depression?
A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest.
32
What are anxiety disorders?
Disorders involving excessive fear, worry, or nervousness.
33
What is schizophrenia?
A severe mental disorder affecting thought processes and perceptions.
34
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
A condition involving repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions).
35
What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Persistent distress following trauma.
36
Define confirmation bias.
Favoring information that supports existing beliefs.
37
What is the availability heuristic?
Judging likelihood based on easily recalled examples.
38
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Overestimating personal traits and underestimating situational factors in others’ behavior.
39
What is the halo effect?
Assuming someone’s positive traits in one area extend to other areas.
40
Define self-fulfilling prophecy.
Expectations influencing behavior to make a prediction come true.
41
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals in the brain that affect mood and behavior.
42
What is brain plasticity?
The ability of the brain to change and adapt over time.
43
What is the endocrine system?
Glands that produce hormones influencing behavior.
44
What are mirror neurons?
Neurons that fire when observing others, linked to empathy and learning.
45
What are circadian rhythms?
The body’s natural sleep-wake cycle regulated by the brain.
46
What is the placebo effect?
Improvement due to the belief in a treatment rather than the treatment itself.
47
What is the difference between a growth mindset and a fixed mindset?
Belief in the ability to improve through effort vs. believing abilities are static.
48
Define behavior modification.
Using reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior.
49
What is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?
A psychological treatment that changes thought patterns to influence behavior.
50
What does mindfulness refer to?
Awareness and acceptance of the present moment to improve mental well-being.
51
Who is considered the 'father of experimental psychology'?
Wilhelm Wundt ## Footnote Established the first psychology lab.
52
What psychological approach did William James develop?
Functionalism ## Footnote He wrote The Principles of Psychology.
53
Which psychologist founded psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud ## Footnote Introduced concepts like the unconscious mind and defense mechanisms.
54
What concept did Carl Jung introduce that expands on Freud's theories?
Collective unconscious ## Footnote Also introduced archetypes and introversion/extraversion.
55
What was John B. Watson's major contribution to psychology?
Founded behaviorism ## Footnote Conducted the 'Little Albert' experiment.
56
Who discovered classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov ## Footnote Conducted experiments with dogs.
57
What learning theory did B.F. Skinner develop?
Operant conditioning ## Footnote Emphasized reinforcement and punishment.
58
What does the 'Law of Effect' proposed by Edward Thorndike state?
Rewarded behaviors are more likely to recur
59
What major experiment is associated with Albert Bandura?
'Bobo doll' experiment ## Footnote Demonstrated observational learning.
60
Who proposed the four developmental stages of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
61
What theory did Noam Chomsky revolutionize?
Innate language acquisition ## Footnote Influenced both linguistics and cognitive psychology.
62
What did Elizabeth Loftus study?
Memory ## Footnote Demonstrated the creation of false memories.
63
What is 'The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two' associated with?
Short-term memory capacity ## Footnote Developed by George A. Miller.
64
What did Roger Sperry discover through split-brain research?
Functions of the brain’s left and right hemispheres
65
What field did Daniel Kahneman pioneer research in?
Behavioral economics ## Footnote Introduced cognitive biases and prospect theory.
66
What therapy approach did Carl Rogers develop?
Client-centered therapy ## Footnote Emphasized self-actualization.
67
What is the hierarchy of needs, created by Abraham Maslow, focused on?
Self-actualization ## Footnote It emphasizes self-actualization as a fundamental human motivation.
68
What did Gordon Allport study in psychology?
Personality ## Footnote Developed trait theory.
69
What model did Hans Eysenck propose?
Three-factor model of personality traits
70
What theory did Robert Sternberg develop?
Triarchic theory of intelligence ## Footnote Focuses on analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
71
Who conducted the controversial obedience experiments?
Stanley Milgram
72
What did Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment reveal?
How social roles influence behavior
73
What theory did Leon Festinger develop?
Cognitive dissonance theory ## Footnote Explains how people resolve conflicting thoughts.
74
Who introduced the concept of learned helplessness?
Martin Seligman
75
What theory did Howard Gardner develop?
Theory of multiple intelligences ## Footnote Argues that intelligence is more than just IQ.

Sam's Social Studies (5 decks)

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