Psychology

Question 1

What is Lewin’s Interactionist Theory?

Answer 1

B = f(P.E)
Where
B is behaviour
P is personality
E is environment

Question 2

What is Hollander’s interactionist model?

Answer 2

4 layers
- Social behaviour
- Role related responses
- Typical responses
- Psychological core

Question 3

According to the triadic model, what are the 3 components of attitude?

Answer 3

• Cognitive component - what we know/believe about an attitude object
• Affective component - how we feel about an attitude object
• Behavioural component - how we behave/respond to an attitude object
• Cognitive + affective = behavioural

Question 4

What are the 4 ways in which attitudes are formed?

Answer 4

• Past experiences
• Conditioning (rewards)
• Socialisation
• Familiarity

Question 5

Explain the different causes of aggression

Answer 5

• Instinct theory - aggression is inherited, not learnt
• Frustration aggression hypothesis - where a blocked goal causes frustration
• Social learning theory - where aggressive behaviour is copied from role models
• Aggressive cue theory - aggression will only occur if cues are present eg a refs back is turned

Question 6

What is Atkinson’s model of achievement motivation?

Answer 6

• Performers either have a desire to succeed (approach behaviour) or a fear of failure (avoidance)
• Depends upon the probability of success, incentive value of success (rewards) and nAch or Naf personality

Question 7

What is Zajonc’s theory of social facilitation?

Answer 7

• The presence of others increases levels of arousal and can have a positive or negative effect on performance
• Split into mere presence of passive others (audience, coaction) and interactive others (competitive coaction and social reinforcement eg coach)`

Question 8

What are strategies to eliminate negative effects of an audience?

Answer 8

• Train in front of others
• Improve selective attention
• Reduce importance of event
• Mental rehearsal
• Goal setting
• Ensure skills are well learned/autonomous

Question 9

Explain Tuckman’s model of group development

Answer 9

• The stages that lead to group formation
• Forming (relationships), storming (roles/conflict), norming (becoming cohesive), performing (success through a common goal)

Question 10

Explain Carron cohesion

Answer 10

• There are influences on the team members that will help them work together
• Environmental factors (size of group)
• Personal factors (similarity of group members eg aspirations/opinions)
• Leadership factors
• Team factors

Question 11

Explain Steiner’s model

Answer 11

• Even for the most cohesive teams, there is sometimes a drop in performance
• Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty group processes (either motivational/social loafing or coordination losses)

Question 12

Explain Weiner’s attribution theory?

Answer 12

• Means for understanding the reasons performers give for their performance (what caused them to win/lose)
• To do with ability, task difficulty, effort and luck