Psychology Flashcards
Who developed phrenology?
Franz Gall
Who studied the major functions of the brain? They used extirpation to study the brain’s parts.
Pierre Flourens
Who first developed functionalism?
William James
Who furthered the study of functionalism?
John Dewey
Who studied people with brain legions in specific areas? He has a brain area named after him.
Paul Broca
Who measured the speed of a nerve impulse? He was instrumental in making psychology a “science.”
Hermann von Helmholtz
Who discovered the synapse?
Sir Charles Sherrington
Who developed the psychoanalytic perspective?
Sigmund Freud
Self-determination Theory
Emphasizes three universal needs: Autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
Incentive Theory
Explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments.
Expectancy-Value Theory
The amount of motivation for a task is based on the expectation of success and the value of that success.
Opponent-Process Theory
Explains the motivation for drug use: as use increases, the body counteracts its effects. leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.
Primary Appraisal of Stress
Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful.
Secondary Appraisal of Stress
Evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress.
Components of an Attitude
Affective, behavioral, and cognitive.
Functional attitudes theory
States there are four functional areas of attitudes: knowledge, ego-expression, adaptability, and ego defense.
Learning Theory
States that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning.
Secure Attachment
Requires a consistent caregiver. Child shows a strong preference for the caregiver compared to strangers.
Implicit Personality Theory
When we look at somebody for the first time, we pick up on one of their characteristics. We then take that characteristic and assume other traits about the person based off of that one characteristic we first picked up on.
Correspondent Inference Theory
Focuses on the intentionality of a person’s behavior. When someone unexpectedly does something that either helps or hurts us, we form a dispositional attribution; we correlate the action to the person’s personality.
Rational Choice Theory
States that individuals will make decisions that maximize benefit and minimize harm. Expectancy Theory applies rational choice theory within groups.
Anomie
Lack of social norms, or the breakdown of social bonds between individuals and society.
Hawthorne Effect
Behavior of subjects is altered by them simply knowing they are being studied.
Septal Nuclei
Pleasure and Addiction
Signal Detection Theory
Refers to the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations on perception of stimuli. Accounts for response bias.
Stage 1 Sleep
Light Sleep
Theta Waves
Stage 2 Sleep
Deeper Sleep
Theta Waves, sleep spindles and k complexes
Stage 3 Sleep
Sleep walking and bed wetting occur at this stage
Delta Waves, Deep Sleep
Stage 4 Sleep
Deep Sleep/Slow-wave sleep
James-Lange Theory
Behavioral and physiological actions lead to emotions. Ex: Power posing.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotional and physiological responses to a stimulus occur simultaneously. They arise from separate and independent areas of the brain.
Schachter- Singer Theory
Two-factor theory of emotion. Physiological arousal and interpretation of context or “cognitive label” lead to emotion.
Jung
Collective unconscious links all humans together. Personality is influenced by archetypes.
Adler & Horney
Unconscious is motivated by social urges.
Positive Punishment
Decreasing behavior by introducing an aversive stimulus.
Negative Punishment
Decreasing a behavior by removing an appetitive stimulus.
Negative Punishment
Decreasing a behavior by removing an appetitive stimulus.
Positive reinforcement
Increasing a behavior by introducing an appetitive stimulus.
Negative reinforcement
Increasing a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
Life Course Model
Early life events influence an individual’s later life outcomes.
Macro-level
Society as a whole, or a larger group.
Micro-level
Individual or family groups.
Micro-level
Individual or family groups.
Demographic transition
The association between the level of socioeconomic development and the balance between fertility and mortality rates in a society.
Normative Pressure
An individual knows others are incorrect but feels pressure not to dissent.
Normative Social Influence
Individuals act in ways that comply with norms of their social group.
Demand Characteristics
Occur if the research design provides cues to the participants regarding the study hypothesis and causes them to respond in a specific manner.
Parallel Processing
Color, form, and motion at same time.
Magnocellular Cells
Motion. High temporal resolution.
Parvocellular Cells
Shape. High spatial resolution.
Membranous Labyrinth
Filled with endolymph. Membranous labyrinth consists of:
cochlea (sound)
utricle & saccule (linear acceleration)
semicircular canals (rotational acceleration & balance).
Superior Olive
Localizes sound. Located in the brain stem.
Inferior Colliculus
Startle reflex. Also used by both eyes and ears in the vestibulo-ocular reflex which keeps the eyes fixed on a single point as the head rotates.
Habituation versus sensitization.
Habituation = Becoming used to a stimulus.
Sensitization = Intensified response to a stimulus over time.
Habituation versus sensitization.
Habituation = Becoming used to a stimulus.
Sensitization = Intensified response to a stimulus over time.
What neurotransmitters are increased by stimulants?
↑Dopamine,
↑norepinephrine, ↑serotonin at synaptic cleft.
Nativist (biological) Theory
Language acquisition is innate.
Learning (behaviorist) Theory
Language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers.
Social Interactionist Theory
Language acquisition is caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others.
Dissociative Amnesia
Can’t recall past experiences.
Dissociative Fugue
Assumption of a new identity.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Multiple personalities.
Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder
Feeling detached from the mind and body, or environment.
Gemeinschaft
Community
Gesellschaft
Society
Inclusive Fitness
A measure of an organism’s success in the population based on how well it propagates ITS OWN genes. Inclusive fitness also includes the ability of those offspring to then support others.
Social Capital as it relates to relationships.
The practice of developing and maintaining relationships that form social networks willing to help each other.
Stereotypes are _____. Prejudice is _____. Discrimination is _____.
Stereotypes are cognitive. Prejudice is affective. Discrimination is behavioral.
Social Capital as it relates to social class.
Benefits provided by social networks. Or, the investment people make in their society in return for rewards.
Place Theory
Posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane.
Accommodation
Occurs when new information or experiences cause one to modify their existing schema.
Negative Priming
An implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus.
Uses implicit memory.
Explicit memory
Conscious recall with effort and focus.
Declarative memory
Facts and events.
Episodic memory
Events and experiences.
Implicit memory
Unconscious. Accounts for acquired skills and conditioned responses to circumstances and stimuli.
Procedural memory
Skills and tasks.
Semantic memory
Facts and concepts.
