Psychology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Who developed phrenology?

A

Franz Gall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who studied the major functions of the brain? They used extirpation to study the brain’s parts.

A

Pierre Flourens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who first developed functionalism?

A

William James

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who furthered the study of functionalism?

A

John Dewey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who studied people with brain legions in specific areas? He has a brain area named after him.

A

Paul Broca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who measured the speed of a nerve impulse? He was instrumental in making psychology a “science.”

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who discovered the synapse?

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who developed the psychoanalytic perspective?

A

Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Self-determination Theory

A

Emphasizes three universal needs: Autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Incentive Theory

A

Explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Expectancy-Value Theory

A

The amount of motivation for a task is based on the expectation of success and the value of that success.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Explains the motivation for drug use: as use increases, the body counteracts its effects. leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Primary Appraisal of Stress

A

Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Secondary Appraisal of Stress

A

Evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Components of an Attitude

A

Affective, behavioral, and cognitive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Functional attitudes theory

A

States there are four functional areas of attitudes: knowledge, ego-expression, adaptability, and ego defense.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Learning Theory

A

States that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Requires a consistent caregiver. Child shows a strong preference for the caregiver compared to strangers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A

When we look at somebody for the first time, we pick up on one of their characteristics. We then take that characteristic and assume other traits about the person based off of that one characteristic we first picked up on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

A

Focuses on the intentionality of a person’s behavior. When someone unexpectedly does something that either helps or hurts us, we form a dispositional attribution; we correlate the action to the person’s personality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

States that individuals will make decisions that maximize benefit and minimize harm. Expectancy Theory applies rational choice theory within groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anomie

A

Lack of social norms, or the breakdown of social bonds between individuals and society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Behavior of subjects is altered by them simply knowing they are being studied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Septal Nuclei

A

Pleasure and Addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Refers to the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations on perception of stimuli. Accounts for response bias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

A

Light Sleep

Theta Waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Stage 2 Sleep

A

Deeper Sleep

Theta Waves, sleep spindles and k complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stage 3 Sleep

A

Sleep walking and bed wetting occur at this stage

Delta Waves, Deep Sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stage 4 Sleep

A

Deep Sleep/Slow-wave sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Behavioral and physiological actions lead to emotions. Ex: Power posing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Emotional and physiological responses to a stimulus occur simultaneously. They arise from separate and independent areas of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Schachter- Singer Theory

A

Two-factor theory of emotion. Physiological arousal and interpretation of context or “cognitive label” lead to emotion.

33
Q

Jung

A

Collective unconscious links all humans together. Personality is influenced by archetypes.

34
Q

Adler & Horney

A

Unconscious is motivated by social urges.

35
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Decreasing behavior by introducing an aversive stimulus.

36
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Decreasing a behavior by removing an appetitive stimulus.

37
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Decreasing a behavior by removing an appetitive stimulus.

38
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increasing a behavior by introducing an appetitive stimulus.

39
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increasing a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.

40
Q

Life Course Model

A

Early life events influence an individual’s later life outcomes.

41
Q

Macro-level

A

Society as a whole, or a larger group.

42
Q

Micro-level

A

Individual or family groups.

43
Q

Micro-level

A

Individual or family groups.

44
Q

Demographic transition

A

The association between the level of socioeconomic development and the balance between fertility and mortality rates in a society.

45
Q

Normative Pressure

A

An individual knows others are incorrect but feels pressure not to dissent.

46
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Individuals act in ways that comply with norms of their social group.

47
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Occur if the research design provides cues to the participants regarding the study hypothesis and causes them to respond in a specific manner.

48
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Color, form, and motion at same time.

49
Q

Magnocellular Cells

A

Motion. High temporal resolution.

50
Q

Parvocellular Cells

A

Shape. High spatial resolution.

51
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

Filled with endolymph. Membranous labyrinth consists of:
cochlea (sound)
utricle & saccule (linear acceleration)
semicircular canals (rotational acceleration & balance).

52
Q

Superior Olive

A

Localizes sound. Located in the brain stem.

53
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Startle reflex. Also used by both eyes and ears in the vestibulo-ocular reflex which keeps the eyes fixed on a single point as the head rotates.

54
Q

Habituation versus sensitization.

A

Habituation = Becoming used to a stimulus.

Sensitization = Intensified response to a stimulus over time.

55
Q

Habituation versus sensitization.

A

Habituation = Becoming used to a stimulus.

Sensitization = Intensified response to a stimulus over time.

56
Q

What neurotransmitters are increased by stimulants?

A

↑Dopamine,
↑norepinephrine, ↑serotonin at synaptic cleft.

57
Q

Nativist (biological) Theory

A

Language acquisition is innate.

58
Q

Learning (behaviorist) Theory

A

Language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers.

59
Q

Social Interactionist Theory

A

Language acquisition is caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others.

60
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Can’t recall past experiences.

61
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Assumption of a new identity.

62
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Multiple personalities.

63
Q

Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder

A

Feeling detached from the mind and body, or environment.

64
Q

Gemeinschaft

A

Community

65
Q

Gesellschaft

A

Society

66
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

A measure of an organism’s success in the population based on how well it propagates ITS OWN genes. Inclusive fitness also includes the ability of those offspring to then support others.

67
Q

Social Capital as it relates to relationships.

A

The practice of developing and maintaining relationships that form social networks willing to help each other.

68
Q

Stereotypes are _____. Prejudice is _____. Discrimination is _____.

A

Stereotypes are cognitive. Prejudice is affective. Discrimination is behavioral.

69
Q

Social Capital as it relates to social class.

A

Benefits provided by social networks. Or, the investment people make in their society in return for rewards.

70
Q

Place Theory

A

Posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane.

71
Q

Accommodation

A

Occurs when new information or experiences cause one to modify their existing schema.

72
Q

Negative Priming

A

An implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus.

Uses implicit memory.

73
Q

Explicit memory

A

Conscious recall with effort and focus.

74
Q

Declarative memory

A

Facts and events.

75
Q

Episodic memory

A

Events and experiences.

76
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unconscious. Accounts for acquired skills and conditioned responses to circumstances and stimuli.

77
Q

Procedural memory

A

Skills and tasks.

78
Q

Semantic memory

A

Facts and concepts.