General Biology Flashcards
Intermediate Filaments
Keratin = Vimentin
Desmin = Lamin
Negative Sense Strand
RNA replicase must synthesize a complimentary strand, which can then be translated.
Retrovirus
Single stranded RNA. Reverse transcriptase needed to make DNA.
Mitosis Ploidy
2n through the entire process.
Meiosis Ploidy
2n through Meiosis I and Meiosis II. The end result is four cells with n.
Morula
Early mass of cells.
Blastula
Implants in endometrial lining
Fluid filled blastocoel
Trophoblast → Chorion / placenta
Inner Cell Mass → Organism
Formen Ovule
R atrium → L atrium
Ductus Arteriousus
Pulmonary artery → Aorta
Astrocytes
Blood-brain barrier. Controls solutes moving from bloodstream → nervous tissue.
Ependymal Cells
The barrier between cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid of the CNS.
Microglia
Digest waste in CNS.
Schwann Cells
PNS, makes myelin.
Medulla Oblongata
Increase CO2 –> Hypercarbia/hypercapria ↑respiration (exchanging gases)
Decrease O2 –> Hypoxemia ↑ventilation (air in/out)
Blood Pressure
Systole / Diastole
Cardiac Output Equation
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume. CO = HR X SV
Oligodendrocytes
CNS, makes myelin.
Intrinsic Factor
Assists in Vitamin B12 absorption.
Chief Cells
Secrete pepsinogen.
Parietal Cells
Secrete HCl and Intrinsic factor.
Leptin & Cholecystokinin
Increase satiety.
Cholecystokinin
Stimulates bile release from gallbladder
Release of pancreatic juices
Satiety
Gut Bacteria
Produce vitamin K and biotin (vitamin B7).
Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle
Permeable to H2O but NOT salt; therefore, as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate.
Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle
Permeable to salt but NOT to H2O; therefore, salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively. The diluting
segment is in the outer medulla; because salt is actively reabsorbed in this site, the filtrate becomes hypotonic compared to the blood.
Stratum Corneum
Multiple thin layers, flat keratinocytes.
Stratum Luciderm
Only on thick, hairless skin.
Stratum Granulosum
Keratinocytes die.
Stratum Spinosum
Langerhans cells
Stratum Basale
Stem cells → keratinocytes
Langerhans Cells
Macrophages that are antigen-presenting cells in skin
Red Fibers
Slow twitch. Support (dark meat). Carry out oxidative phosphorylation.
White Fibers
Fast-twitch. Active (white meat). Anaerobic metabolism.
Bone Matrix
Osteons are the chief structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric bone layers called lamellae, which surround a long hollow passageway, the Haversian canal. Between rings are lacunae, where osteocytes reside, which are connected with cancaliculi.
Lamellae
Concentric bone layers
Haversian Canel
Long hollow passageway in the bone
Chondrocytes
Secrete chondrin which is the matrix of cartilage.
Parasympathetic Neuron Sequence
Closer to the target organ. First synapse is acetylcholine. Second synapse is acetylcholine or nitric acid.
Sympathetic Neuron Sequence
Closer to Spinal Cord. First synapse is acetylcholine. Second synapse is norepinephrine.
How does myosin relax after contraction?
ATP binds the myosin head, releasing it from actin.
Law of Segregation
An organism has two alleles for each gene, which segregate during Anaphase I. Because of this, gametes carry only one allele for a trait.
Law of Independent Assortment
The inheritance of one allele does not influence the probability of inheriting a given allele for a different trait (except for linked genes).
Stop Codons
UAA, UGA, UAG
U Are Annoying, U Go Away, U Are Gone
Membranes that interact with the environment produce what?
Mucus
- Reproductive Tract
- Respiratory Tract
- Gastrointestinal Tract
N-Acyl Amino Acid
