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Psychological Problems Flashcards

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1
Q

Mind incidence rates for depression per 100 people

A

Mind, incidence of mental health per 100 people: Depression = 2.6

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2
Q

MIND incidence rates for anxiety per 100 people

A

MIND, incidence rate for anxiety per 100 people = 4.7

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3
Q

MIND incidence rate for eating disorders per 100 people

A

MIND incidence rate for eating disorders per 100 people = 1.6

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4
Q

According to MIND how many people will experience mental health problems

A

According to MIND 1 in 2 people will experience mental health problems.

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5
Q

Stats for incidence of mental health 2007 and 2014 plus what is the trend woman versus men

A

Stats for incidence of mental health
2007 = 24% of adults
2014 = 37%
more women than men and gap is widening.

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6
Q

What are the two challenges of modern living effecting mental health

A

Two factors of modern living effecting mental health are:

  1. Lower income families have more health problems.
  2. Social isolation more depression and loneliness.
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7
Q

What are two cultural variations regarding mental health

A

Cultural variations regarding mental health.

  1. hearing voices, positive India and Africa
  2. Culture bound syndromes such as Anorexia Western world, Koro (men believing their nipples or penis will retract into their abdomen) found in Asia.
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8
Q

Why are characteristic of mental health hard to measure.

A

Characteristics of mental health are hard to measure because they are subjective and arbitrary

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9
Q

What is the issue with increased recognition of mental health problems

A

The issue with increased recognition of mental health problems is the focus on the illness rather than health.

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10
Q

What are Jahoda’s six characteristics of mental health:

A

Jahoda’s six characteristics of mental health:

  1. Self-attitude: high self esteem and strong sense of identity.
  2. Personal growth and self-actualisation: extent to which an individual develops their full capabilities.
  3. Integration: such as being able to cope with stressful situations.
  4. Autonomy: being independent and self-regulating.
  5. Having an accurate perception of reality.
  6. Mastery of environment: inc ability to love, function at work, in interpersonal relationships, adjust to new situations and solve problems.
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11
Q

Lessening social stigma, two comments

A
  1. Labelling people creates stigma

2. The term “mental health” rather than mental illness creates less stigma.

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12
Q

What are the individual effects of mental health problems, 3 points plus why they are difficult to measure

A

Individual effects of mental health problems:

  1. Damage to relationships, eg communicating
  2. Difficulties coping with everyday life, eg personal care.
  3. Negative impact of physical wellbeing eg, corisol preventing immune system working fully causing other illness.

Characteristics of mental health are subjective and abritrary so hard to measure.

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13
Q

Social effects of mental health problems, 3 points

A

Social effects of mental health problems

  1. Need for more social care: food, company, learning new skills for self-care.
  2. Increased crime rates: people with mental health problems are 4 times more likely. However these may be because of other problems such as substance abuse.
  3. Implications for the economy: McCrone report, care of mentally ill costs £22 billion per year. Cheaper drug treatments needed.
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14
Q

Name the three types of depression

A

Three types of depression:

  1. Clinical depression
  2. Unipolar depression
  3. Bipolar depression
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15
Q

What is the difference between sadness and depression.

A

The difference between sadness and depression:

Sadness - “normal” emotion and can still function.

Depression - enduring sadness,stops ability to function.

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16
Q

What does ICD and who is it published by

A

ICD = International Classification of Diseases published by the World Health Organisation.

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17
Q

What is the latest version of ICD

A

ICD-10

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18
Q

ICD-10 depression sypmtoms list

A

ICD-10 depression symptom list:

Key:

  1. low mood
  2. Loss of interest and pleasure
  3. Reduced energy levels

Other symptoms:

  1. changes in sleep pattern
  2. changes in appetite
  3. Decrease in self-confidence.
  4. Reduced concentration and attention
  5. Feelings of guilt and unworthiness
  6. Bleak and pessimistic view of the future
  7. ideas of self harm or suicide.
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19
Q

ICD - 10, number of symptoms needed to diagnose mild depression

A

ICD-10 to diagnose mild depression requires two key symptoms and plus two others.

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20
Q

ICD - 10, number of symptoms needed to diagnose moderate depression

A

ICD - 10, number of symptoms needed to diagnose moderate depression= 5-6 symptoms

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21
Q

ICD - 10, number of symptoms needed to diagnose severe depression

A

ICD - 10, number of symptoms needed to diagnose severe depression = 7 or more

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22
Q

ICD-10 how long should symptoms be present for a diagnosis of depression to be made.

A

ICD - 10, symptoms should be present all or most of the time and persist for longer than two weeks.

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23
Q

What are the biological explanations for depression?

A

The biological explanation for depression are:

Lack of neurotransmitter especially Seratonin.

Low level at synapse so less stimulation of postsynaptic neuron causes low mood.

24
Q

What does having low levels of Seratonin cause, four things.

A

Low levels of Seratonin causes:

  1. low mood
  2. lack of concentration
  3. disturbed sleep
    4 reduced appetite
25
Q

Reasons for low Seratonin levels, two things

A

Two reasons for low Seratonin levels are:

  1. Genes could cause inheritance of low Seratonin levels.
  2. Low levels of Tryptophan from lack of protein or carbohydrates.
26
Q

What is Tryptophan

A

Tryptophan is a key ingredient for Seratonin and is found in protein such as eggs, cheese and fish and also carbohydrates.

27
Q

Evaluation of low Seratonin as the biological cause of depression:

A

Evaluation of low Seratonin as the biological cause of depression:

+ Research support: McNeal and Cimbolic found low levels of Seratonin in the brains of depressed people.

  • cause or affect: low levels of Seratonin could be the result of sad thoughts rather than the cause.
  • Alternative explanations: Some people with depressions don’t have low levels of Seratonin and visa versa so other factors must be involved.
28
Q

Depression, what are the four psychological explanations for depression

A

The four psychological explanations for depression are:

  1. Faulty thinking: irrational / black and white.
  2. Negative schemas; causing the person to interpret all information abt the self negatively.
  3. Attributions (explanation of behaviour): internal, “it’s my fault, I’m stupid”, stable “people will never like me again”, global “Everything I do goes wrong”.
  4. Influence of nuture: negative attribution styles develop through processes such as learned helplessness.
29
Q

Pychological explanations for depression, evaluation:

A

Psychological explanations for depression, evaluation:

+ research support: Seligman found dogs learned to give up, supporting learned helplessness.

+ real world application: the cognitive explanation leads to successful therapy, getting people to challenge their irrational behaviour.

+ negative beliefs may be realistic: Alloy and Abramson found that depressed people may be sadder but wiser.

30
Q

One common type of medication used to treat depression:

A

A common type of medication used to treat depression is an Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhitor (SSRI)

31
Q

What does SSRI stand for

A

Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitor

32
Q

How does and SSRI work

A

An SSRI works by stopping the Seratonin being reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron, leaving it in the synaptic cleft, and then this is added to by the release of more Seratonin from the presynaptic neuron.

33
Q

Evaluation of SSRI medication

A

Evalutation of SSRI medication:

  • Side effects: nausea, insomnia, dizziness, anxiety and suicidal thoughts.
  • Questionable evidence for effectiveness, some people with depression have normal levels of Seratonin so something else must be causing the depression (Asbert)
  • Reductionist as antidepressents just target neurotransmitters, a more holistic approach would include psychological factors as well.
34
Q

How does CBT work as a treatment of depression.

A

CBT works by:

Promoting positive behaviour to improve mood.

Therapist tackling irrational thoughts and beliefs.

Client deals with irrational thoughts by keeping a thought diary of unpleasant emotions and automatic thoughts. Rational response to automatic thoughts is rated.

35
Q

Evaluation of CBT as a treatment for depression

A

Evaluation of CBT as a treatment for depression:

+ Lasting effectiveness, provides lifelong skills to deal with future episodes of depression.

  • Not for everyone, takes a lot of time and effort from the client so high drop out rate.

+ Holistic approach: focusing on the psychological symptoms which is treating the whole person.

36
Q

Dependence versus addiction

A

Dependence is a characteristic of addiction but is not the same as addiction.

Dependence is when someone is reliant on a substance such as painkillers

Addiction is when the substance is taken to produce a buzz or sense of escape.

Addiction is also signalled by withdrawal symptoms if the substance is stopped.

37
Q

Substance misuse versus substance abuse

A

The difference between misuse and abuse is the persons intention.

Misuse is when the rules aren’t followed, eg taking more sleeping tablets than prescribed or using a drug for something that it isn’t intended for.

Abuse is using a drug to experience euphoria, create a sense of escape or numbness.

38
Q

What are the 6 clinical characteristics of Addiction from ICD-10

A

6 Characteristics of abuse from IDC-10:

  1. Strong desire to use the substance.
  2. Persisting despite harm
  3. Difficulty in controlling use.
  4. A higher priority is given to the substance
  5. A withdrawal state.
  6. Evidence of tolerance.
39
Q

What are the two biological explanations of addition

A

The two biological explanations of addiction are:

  1. Hereditary factors: Genetic information has a moderate to strong effect on addiction.
  2. Genetic vulnerability:
    Multiple genes increase risk of addiction (nature)
    Stressors in the environment act as a trigger (nuture).
40
Q

Who did a study to see if Alcoholism is hereditory.

A

Lennart Kaij - Twin study of alcohol abuse.

41
Q

What study did Lennart Kaij undertake

A

Kaij’s Twin study of alcohol abuse.

42
Q

Kaij’s twins study of alcohol abuse, aim, method, results, conclusion

A

Kaij’s twin study of alcohol abuse.

Aim: To see if alcohol addiction is due to nature or nuture.

Method: Male twins registered with the temperance board where interviews as well as their relatives.

Results:
61% of identical twins and 39% of non-identical twins both alcoholics.
There were more DZ twins co-registered with the temperance board.
Twins with social problems were over-represented.

Conclusion:
Alcohol abuse is related to generic vulnerability.
Not 100% genetic or all MZ twins would be the same.
No 100% environmental or MZ & DZ twins would be the same.

43
Q

What is an MZ sibling

A

An MZ sibling is an identical twin

44
Q

What is a DZ sibling

A

A DZ sibling is a non-identical twin.

45
Q

Kaij’s twin study of alcohol abuse, evaluation:

A

Kaij’s twin study of alcohol abuse, evaluation:

  • Flawed study, temperance board only includes drinkers who make public their alcohol abuse so lacks validity.

+ Supported by later studies: Kendler found MZ twins more likely to both be alcoholics than DZ twins, so genes effect alcoholism.

  • Misunderstanding genetic vulnerability: inheriting genes doesn’t make addiction inevitable, life events also play a role.
46
Q

Psychological explanation of addiction, five points.

A

Psychological explanation of addiction:

  1. Peer influence
  2. Social learning theory (observing)
  3. Social norms (following others)
  4. Social identity theory, (conforming)
  5. Using peers to provide opportunity for addictive behaviour and learning from them.
47
Q

Psychological explanations for addiction, evaluation.

A

Psychological explanations for addiction, evaluation

+ supporting research: Simons-Morton and Farhat reviewed 40 studies and found a positive correlation between peers and smoking.

  • it may be peer selection, actively seeking others who are like them rather than them conforming to social norm of the group.

+ Real world application: Tobler et al created peer pressure resistance training to help prevent young people from smoking.

48
Q

Who conducted a trial called CoBalT

A

Nicola Wiles et al

49
Q

What trial did Nicola Wiles et al set up

A

CoBalT, “Wiles study”

50
Q

Wiles study, aim, method, results and conclusion

A

Wiles Study (CoBalT):

Aim: 70% of patients are anti-depressant resistant so Wiles want to see if a more holistic approach including CBT would be of benefit.

Method: Patients with depression, level measured using Becks depression Inventory, either continued with just anti-depressants or anti-depressants + CBT

Result:
6 months 50% reduction of symptoms in combined group and 21.6% reduction in meds group.
12 months combined group continued to have better recovery.

Conclusion:
Using meds + CBT is better than meds alone.

51
Q

Wiles study, evaluation

A

Wiles study, evaluation:

+ Well designed study. Random assignment to condition.

  • Assessment was self reported so may lack validity.

+ Real world application: Study has led to useful holistic therapy being developed that helps depression sufferers.

52
Q

Treatment for addiction: Aversion therapy, what is it and how does it work for alcoholism, gambling and smoking

A

Treatment for addiction: Aversion therapy, what is it and how does it work for alcoholism, gambling and smoking.

Aversion therapy is based on classic conditioning, linking the addiction with an unpleasant experience so it is avoided.

Alcoholism: emitic called Antabuse. Severe reaction if alcohol is consumed.

Gambling:
Phrases on cards abt gambling and non-gambling behaviour.
Electric shock (unconditioned stimulus) given when ever a gambling relating card/phrase (neutral stimulus).

Smoking:
Rapid smoking in a closed room causes nausea.

53
Q

Aversion therapy for addiction, evaluation:

A

Aversion therapy for addiction, evaluation:

  • Treatment adherence issues, many addicts drop out before the treatment is completed so difficult to assess effectiveness.
  • Poor long term effectiveness: McConaghty et al found that after nine years aversion therapy was no more affective than a placebo.

+Holistic approach, aversion therapy deals with immediate urge and cbt can provide longer-lasting support.

54
Q

Addiction, self management programmes, 5 elements

A

Addiction, self management programmes:

  1. 12 step recovery programme such as AA or NA
  2. Higher power - key element is letting go.
  3. Admitting and sharing guilt: confessing, with members of group and higher power and making amends if possible.
  4. it’s a lifelong process. Group sort.
  5. Self help groups; peer sharing and support, may avoid religious elements and include local traditions.
55
Q

Addiction: Self management programmes, evaluation

A

Addiction: Self management programmes, evaluation

+ lack of clear evidence, because doesn’t include people who leave without success.

  • Individual differences: dropout rates are high and programme is demanding and requires motivation.

+ Holistic: Focuses on the whole perons with social support to cope with emotions.

Psychology (9 decks)

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