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Language, Thought and Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Piaget’s theory of language and thought

A

Piaget’s theory is that we learn through developing schemas and that thought and understanding comes first and then language develops.

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2
Q

The comments about Piaget’s theory of language and thought.

A

Piaget’s theory of language and thought.

  1. Thought and understanding first then language.
  2. Young children can have language without understanding it but can’t use if effectively.
  3. Sensorimotor: Children start to speak
    Pre-operational: Children can talk about things not present.
    Concrete operational stage when children develop their own ideas and start developing logical thought.
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3
Q

The Piaget’s theory of language and thought. Evaluation

A

iaget’s theory of language and thought. Evaluation:

+ supporting evidence: The order of children’s two word phrases show they understanding.

  • Sapir-Whorf theory contradicts Piaget, he suggests that language comes first then understanding.
  • Schemas cannot be scientifically measured.
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4
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf Theory

A

The Sapir Whorf Theory is that you can’t think about something that you have no words for.

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5
Q

Main attributes of the Sapir-Whorf Theory of language and thought.

A

Main attributes of the Sapir-Whorf theory are:

  1. Thinking depends on language.
  2. Strong version: Language determines thought.
  3. Weak Version: Language influences thought. You can still imagine things with no word for them (preferred version).
  4. We have limited memory for things we have no words for.
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6
Q

The Sapir Whorf Theory: Evaluation

A

The Sapir Whorf Theory: Evaluation

  • Differences are exaggerated. Inuit may only have 2 words for snow not 27, English has 4. (Pellum)
  • thoughts come before language, if there is a lots of snow then this changes the way we perceive the environment which supports Piaget’s theory.

+ restricted and elaborate code: working class children use restricted language which affects their ability to think, explaining lower intelligence (Benstein)

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7
Q

Language and thought. Our view of the world. Name a cultural study and what did it find.

A

Language and thought. Our view of the world. Native Americans, The Hopi.

The Hopi don’t distinguish between past, present and future. This affects the way they think about time.

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8
Q

Language and thought. Our view of the world. How does language affect our recall of events.

A

Language and thought. Our view of the world. Language affecting recall of events.

A study by Carmichael et al found that memory for pictures was affected by the labels given.

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9
Q

Language and thought. Our view of the world. Variation in recognition of colours, name two cultural groups studies

A

Language and thought. Our view of the world. Variation in recognition of colours:

  1. Native Americans: The Zuni (one word for shades of yellow and orange)
  2. The Berinmo people of New Guinea (5 words for colours)
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10
Q

Language and thought. Our view of the world. Variation in recognition of colours, The Zuni

A

Language and thought. Our view of the world. Variation in recognition of colours.

The Zuni only have one word for for shades or orange and yellow and in a research study had difficulty distinguishing them (Brown and Lenneberg)

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11
Q

Language and thought. Our view of the world. Variation in recognition of colours. The Berinmo

A

Language and thought. Our view of the world. Variation in recognition of colours.

The Berinmo people had difficulty recalling colours except those that matched the five words for colour they have. (Roberson et al)

1 for green, blue and purple
1 for yellow orange and brown
1 for all dark colours
1 for white and light colours
1 for shades of red and pink
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12
Q

Language and thought. Our view of the world. Variation in recognition of colours, evaluation, The Hopi and Berinmo

A

Language and thought. Our view of the world. Variation in recognition of colours, evaluation, The Hopi and Berinmo

  • difficulty with cross-cultural understanding. Participants from other cultures may misunderstand the task or fail to communicate their answers correctly.
  • Opposite results found with the Dani people, who had no problem matching colours even though they only had two words for colour (Rosch and Oliver)
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13
Q

Human and Animal Communication:

Name a study on animal behaviour

A

Karl von Frisch’s bee study

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14
Q

Human and Animal Communication:

What study did Karl von Frisch undertake

A

Human and Animal Communication:

Von Frisch’s bee study

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15
Q

Human and Animal Communication:

Von Frisch’s bee study, aim, method, result, conclusion

A

Human and Animal Communication: Von Frisch’s bee study:

Aim: To describe the dances of honey bees to understand their communication.

Method:
Food placed close the the hive 10-20 metres
Food placed further from the hive upto 300 metres.
Observed bees 6k times over 20 years.

Results:
Round dance: moving in a circle to show pollen less than 100m away.

Waggle dance, side ways figure of eight shape points, waggles on the straight section (middle), direction of straight line shows directly. The slower the waggle dance the further away the food.

Conclusion:
sophisticated communication system exists.

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16
Q

Human and Animal Communication: Von Frisch’s bee study, evaluation.

A

Human and Animal Communication: Von Frisch’s bee study. Evaluation:

+ Scientific research which opened eyes to the capabilities of animals.

  • Sounds matter too. Esch found that dances performed in silence were ignored.
  • Other factors are important, Bees don’t respond to the waggle dance if they have to fly over water (Gould)
17
Q

Human and Animal Communication:

Four functions of animal communication

A

Four functions of animal communication are:

  1. Survival
    Vocal - Vervet monkeys alarm call
    Visual - Rabbits tails lift, pin back ears and leap forward.
    Why: Enhanced survival of the individual and group.
  2. Reproduction; peacocks tail display, communication of genetic fitness.
  3. Territory; Rhino’s leave piles of dung to communicate boundaries.
  4. Food: Ants pheromone trail to communicate food source.
18
Q

Human and Animal Communication:

Properties of human communication not present in animal communication

A

Human and Animal Communication:
Properties of human communication not present in animal communication:

  1. Plan ahead and discuss future events.
    Things that aren’t present or future versus present eg food sources and predators.
  2. Creativity, humans open system, animals closed system.
  3. Multiple channels of communication versus single channel.
19
Q

Non Verbal communication: Name the three types

A

Non Verbal Communications: Three types of non verbal communication are:

  1. Eye contact
  2. Body language
  3. Personal space
20
Q

Non verbal communication:

Eye contact: three things that using eye contact facilitates

A

Non verbal communication: Eye contact

  1. Regulating flow of conversation; Participants loked away when about to speak and gave prolonged gaze when about to finish (Kendon)
  2. Signalling attraction: People who use eye contact are judged as more attractive (Conway et al)
  3. Expressing emotion: Participants judged emotions as more intense if face looking straight at them (Adam and Kleck)
21
Q

Non verbal communication: Eye contact evaluation

A

Non verbal communication: Eye contact evaluation

+ Real world application: People with autism taught to increase eye contact to improve social skills.

  • use of rating scales: rating attractiveness can lack objectivity
  • Artificial studies: Studies of eye contract involve artificial tasks which lack validity.
22
Q

Non verbal communication: 3 types of posture and one gesture.

A

Non verbal communication: Body language.

Open and closed posture:
McGinley et al: Arguments given by a person with open posture led to greater opinion change than closed posture.

Postural Echo;
Tanner and Chartrand: Participants rated new drink more highly when presented with postural echo.

Touch: includes highfives, slapping etc.
Fisher: If librarian touched students on hand when returning library books the librarian was judged more positively.

23
Q

Non verbal communication: Body language, evaluation

A

Non verbal communication: Body language, evaluation.

+ Real world application: People can use body language to build good relationships.

  • Body language studies lack control. Could be other EV’s why participants like or dislike confederates.
  • Body language studies are unethical. Lack of informed consent for being in field experiments lowers trust in psychologists.
24
Q

Non verbal communication: Personal space. Three comments about personal space.

A

Non verbal communication: Personal space.

  1. Cultural differences:
    Sommer: English 1-1.5m and Arabs less
    Collett: Arabs liked Englishmen better if they stood closer.
  2. Gender differences:
    Fisher and Bryne: Woman feel most uncomfortable when person space invaded from the side for men it’s from the front.
  3. Status difference:
    Zahn: People with similar status stand closer than those with unequal status.
25
Q

Non verbal communication: Body space, evaluation

A

Non verbal communication: Body space, evaluation

+ Real world application. Useful in every day life such as dr’s using knowledge about cultural difference.

  • Over simplistic. One factor researched at at time and not the interaction between them.
  • Unrepresentative samples. Experiments use samples of people who may not represent all men or all people within a culture.
26
Q

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Darwin and evolution. Theory and three elements.

A

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Darwin and evolution.

Theory: Natural selection. Genes for behaviours that promote survival.

NVC as evolved and adapted: NVC evolved to express emotion, ie baring teeth, reduces death in conflict and therefore protects survival individual and group.

Camparison with human behaviour: Distant ancestors opened eyes wide (adaptive) to see routes to safely. We still open our eyes wide when surprised.

Serviceable habits: Behaviours used by ancestors to promot survival. Still used but may not serve the same purpose.

27
Q

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Darwins theory of natural selection with regard to NVC, Evaluation.

A

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Darwins theory of natural selection with regard to NVC evaluation.

+ Ekman found six emotions which are in all cultures therefore innate

+ reseach into newborns, eye contact, smiling to promote protection, so innate.

  • Cultural differences eg personal space is different in different cultures so evolutionary theory cannot explain all NVC.
28
Q

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Evidence that NVC is innate, four points

A

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Evidence that NVC is innate:

1; Neonate research, nvc’s displayed by newborns

  1. Social releasers: certain neonate behaviour, eg smiling, makes others want to provide care therefore they are adaptive.
  2. Facial expressions: Neonates, sour tastes disgust, (Rosenstein and Oster)
  3. Sensory deprived: human or animal with a sensory ability. Thompson found that blind children showed similar facial expressions to sighted children.
29
Q

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Evidence that NVC is learned, four points

A

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Evidence that NVC is learned:

  1. Cross-cultural research, differences show they are learned.
  2. Contact versus non-contact cultures:
    Contact cultures, Med, latin America, smaller personal space.

Non-contact, UK and USA, prefer larger space.

  1. Gestures: Pointing an index fingure in Hindu culture is offensive (Black).
  2. Social learning theory explains cultural differences, you observe others in your culture and imitate and therefore learn what gestures are ok.
30
Q

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: name a study of non verbal behaviour

A

Yuki’s study of emoticons

31
Q

What study did Yuki undertake

A

Yuki’s study of emoticons

32
Q

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Yuki’s study of emoticons, aim. method, result, conclusion

A

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Yuki’s study of emoticons:

Aim: To find out if there is a difference in interpretation of emoticons in Japan and America.

Method: Six Emoticons with a difference combination of eyes and mouths

Participants rated the faces in terms of happiness using a 9 point scale.

Result
Japanese: Higher rating for happy eyes
Americans: Higher happiness rating when mouths wer happy, even if the eyes were sad.

Conclusion:
There are cultural differences in how emotion is interpreted from facial expressions. Japanese cultural norm is to hide emotion but it is hard to control the expression of the eyes.

33
Q

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Yuki’s study of emoticons, evaluation.

A

Explanations of non-verbal behavior: Yuki’s study of emoticons, evaluation.

  • Artifical materials, emoticons leave our features such as wrinkle lines. However, follow-up studies using real faces found the same results.
  • Only tested one emotion, we have many.
  • Using rating scales, emotions too complex to reduce done to a single score.
34
Q

Innate NVC: what does social releaser mean

A

Social releaser is innate nvc in babies such as smiling and eye contact make people want to look after them.

Psychology (9 decks)

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