Psychological Perspectives Flashcards
consists of all characteristics of a person
self
refers to who a person is, representing a synthesis, and integration of self-understanding
identity
refers to the enduring personal characteristics of individuals, encompasses the self, and one’s identity.
personality
is the cognitive representation of the self, the substance of self-conceptions (E.g. “She is a 22-year-old, single Catholic Filipina working student passionate about animal rights”);
self-understanding
it is based on the roles we play and group membership
self-understanding
provides underpinnings for the development of identity
self-understanding
I am a 13 year-old student, a boy, a football player, a family member, a video game lover, and a movie fan
self-understanding
Early childhood self-understanding is characterized by:
-concrete/observable descriptions
-physical descriptions
-unrealistic positive over-estimations of personal attributes
concrete/observable descriptions
early childhood
physical descriptions
early childhood
unrealistic positive over-estimations of personal attributes
early childhood
Young children ___, ___, ___, ___
-Have difficulty in differentiating their desired and actual competence
-Cannot yet generate an ideal self that is distinguished from a real
self
-Rarely engaged in Social Comparison (ego centrism)
-Have the inability to recognize that they can possess opposite attributes
people Describe themselves using Traits
Late Childhood
people use social descriptions - references to social groups
Late Childhood
Engage in Social Comparison – thinking what they can do in comparison with others
Late Childhood
Distinguish between Real & Ideal Selves – differentiating their actual competencies from those they aspire to have
Late Childhood
More Realistic because of increased social comparison and perspective-taking
Late Childhood
Characterized by Abstract and Idealistic Thinking (e.g., I’m sensitive, I am indecisive)
Adolescence
CHaracterized by self-consciousness
adoolescence
characterized by contradictions within the self– differentiating their concept of the self into multiple roles in different relationship contexts
adolescence
Characterized by The fluctuating Self – the adolescent self continues to be characterized by instability until the adolescent constructs a more unified theory of self
adolescence
Characterized by Real and Ideal Selves: Possible self – includes what they might become, what they are afraid of becoming (e.g., Mooney Problem Checklist results)
Adolescence
Characterized by Self-integration – achieved in late adolescence or emerging adulthood, which results to an integrated sense of identity
Adolescence
Characterized by Importance of Self-awareness
Adulthood
Characterized by Possible selves
Adulthood
What they would like to become; oftentimes unrealistic at first
Young adult
Possible selves in terms of areas in which they already have performed (e.g., Being good at my work, Having a good marriage);
Middle-aged
trying to attain hoped-for selves
MIddle-aged
Concerned with maintaining what they have and preventing/avoiding health problems and dependency
Older Adults
Describes a person’s position in the development of an Identity
Identity Status (James Marcia)
2 dimensions of Identity Status
-Exploration
-Commitment
refers to a person’s investigating various options for a career and for personal values
Exploration
involves making a decision about which identity path to follow, and making a personal investment in attaining that identity
Commitment
Has the person made a commitment? YES
Has the person explored meaningful alternatives regarding some identity options? YES
Identity Achievement
Has the person made a commitment? YES
Has the person explored meaningful alternatives regarding some identity options? NO
Identity Foreclosure
Has the person made a commitment? NO
Has the person explored meaningful alternatives regarding some identity options? YES
Identity moratorium
Has the person made a commitment? NO
Has the person explored meaningful alternatives regarding some identity options? NO
Identity Diffusion
the way you think about yourself
and your abilities or appearance
Self-concept
one’s conception of oneself or of
one’s role
self-concept
It is dynamic and forever changing
Ideal Self
This is the kind of person whom
we would like to be
Ideal Self
It is an idealized version of
yourself created out of what you
have learned from your life
experiences, the demands of
society, and what you admire in
your role models.
Ideal Self
It is the self that feels most true to what
and who we really are
Real Self
It refers to how we think, feel, and look
Real Self
The underlying organismic self: What a
person is capable of becoming if they lived
in an ideal world. An individual would
have lived in an environment of
unconditional positive regard
Real Self
when ideal self is closer to real self
congruence
when feelings are not aligned with our actions
incongruence
He pieced together a theory of self
that is remarkably modern
William James
In his book ______, William James discusses
the manifold nature of the self
The Principles of
Psychology (1890)
William james Theory, 2 main categories
-“ME” self
-“I” self
William James
refers to the aspects of someone that come from
that person’s experiences
“ME” Self
William James
refers to the the thinking self
“I” self
3 divisions of “ME” self
-material self
-social self
-spiritual self
“In its widest possible sense, however, a man’s
self is the ________,
not only his body and his psychic powers, but
his clothes and his house, his wife and
children, his ancestors and friends, his
reputation and works, his lands and horses,
and yacht and bank account. All these things
give him the same emotions.”
sum total of all that he can call his (William James)
Four components of the self
-material self
-spiritual self
-social self
- pure ego
consists of things that belong to us or that we belong to.
material self
Things like ___, ___, ___, ___are some of what makes up our material selves
family, clothes, our body, and money
are who we are in a given social situation. For James,
people change how they act depending on the social situation that they are in.
Social self
is who we are at our core. It is more concrete or permanent, it is our most subjective and intimate self.
Spiritual self
Aspects of an individual’s spiritual self include
things like ___, ___, ___.
personality, core values, and conscience
He proposed the Person-centered Theory oof Personality
Carl Rogers
Carl Rogers proposed that to be a fully functioning person, one must experience ___, ___, ___
genuineness (authenticity), empathy, and unconditional positive regard.
