psychological origins (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Will

A

the ability of an agent to make choices free from contraints (willpower, free will)

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2
Q

Wundt (1883)

A

involuntary actions (habits) start out first as voluntary actions which require a great deal of will -> then become involuntary

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3
Q

William James

A
  • > fouding father of modern psychology
    1. deliberative vs. decisive
    2. will vs. effort
    3. volition vs. nolition
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4
Q

Deliberative vs. Decisive (William James)

A

volitional acts begin with a delebrative step, followed by a decisive step

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5
Q

Will vs. Effort (William James)

A
  1. WIll alone is not enugh to achieve the desired outcome

2. Only if one follows his/her commitment with the actual effort -> the goal could finally realize

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6
Q

Volition vs. Nolition (William James)

A
  1. impulses (volition)
  2. inhibitions (nolition)
    - > too much volition is explosive will, and too much nolition is obstructed will
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7
Q

Ludwig Lange (1888)

A

first experiment in the study of motivation

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8
Q

Narziß Asch (1905)

A

quantified the strenght of will

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9
Q

Decline of will through…

A
  1. Effect of war
  2. progressive movement
  3. desire for biological constructs
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10
Q

Determinsim

A

instincts represent one form of determinsim in the sense that they represent an innate predisposition to approach or avoid a particular outcome

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11
Q

Darwin’s contribution to the study of instinct

A
  1. natural selction
  2. existence vs. avoidance
  3. aplying natural selection to the study of motivation
  4. stimulus-reponse activation
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12
Q

James’s contribution to the study of instinct

A
  1. popularized the idea of instinct
  2. list of instincts
  3. ideo-motor action
  4. instinct was among many other motivational forces
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13
Q

MC Gougall’s contribution ot the study of instinct

A
  1. only motivational force
  2. list of primary instincts
  3. instincts influence our behavior (Cognitions, Behavior, Emotions)
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14
Q

Decline of instinct

A
  1. Lack of criteria
  2. Contradictions between instincts
  3. Circular logic used to identify instincts
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15
Q

Drive

A

a from of arousal of energy that arises whenever a biological need is deprived

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16
Q

Freud

A

all behvior is motivated to satisfy our biological needs
-> high libido, psychological discomfort
–> release energ by engaging in behavior that satisfies our biological urges

17
Q

primary reinforces

A

objects or events that reduce drive (food, water)

18
Q

Libido

A

the inernal energy

19
Q

three drives that motivate behavior (Freud)

A
  1. Sex drive (Eros)
  2. Death drive (Thanatos)
  3. Self-preservation drive (Ego)
20
Q

Hull

A

Drive is activated by biological needs and that organisms are motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce drive
-> the intensity of an organisms behavior is determined by drive multiplied by habit
(Behavior = drive x habit)

21
Q

instinct vs. drive

A
  • > both automatic
  • > instinct: innate and biolagically driven
  • > drive: learned response (open for investigation)
22
Q

Henry Murray

A

List of all major needs

23
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  1. Self-actualization
  2. Esteem
  3. belonging
  4. Safety needs
  5. Physiological needs
24
Q

Incentives

A

external stimuli that motivate an organism to perform a particular behavior

25
Q

Drive theory perspective

A

Hunger pushes the child to commit the desired action

26
Q

incentive theory perspective

A

the incentive value of the cookies pulls the child to commit the action

27
Q

Thoendike’s law of effect

A

of the several responses made in a situation, those responses that are closely followed by an incentive -> will be more associated with that situation

28
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that occurs wihtout any obvious incentive and as a result is not immediately expressed

29
Q

Cognitive perspective (Tolman)

A

cognitive map/mental representation

-> rats use this map to find a reward in the maze