psychological origins (2) Flashcards
Will
the ability of an agent to make choices free from contraints (willpower, free will)
Wundt (1883)
involuntary actions (habits) start out first as voluntary actions which require a great deal of will -> then become involuntary
William James
- > fouding father of modern psychology
1. deliberative vs. decisive
2. will vs. effort
3. volition vs. nolition
Deliberative vs. Decisive (William James)
volitional acts begin with a delebrative step, followed by a decisive step
Will vs. Effort (William James)
- WIll alone is not enugh to achieve the desired outcome
2. Only if one follows his/her commitment with the actual effort -> the goal could finally realize
Volition vs. Nolition (William James)
- impulses (volition)
- inhibitions (nolition)
- > too much volition is explosive will, and too much nolition is obstructed will
Ludwig Lange (1888)
first experiment in the study of motivation
Narziß Asch (1905)
quantified the strenght of will
Decline of will through…
- Effect of war
- progressive movement
- desire for biological constructs
Determinsim
instincts represent one form of determinsim in the sense that they represent an innate predisposition to approach or avoid a particular outcome
Darwin’s contribution to the study of instinct
- natural selction
- existence vs. avoidance
- aplying natural selection to the study of motivation
- stimulus-reponse activation
James’s contribution to the study of instinct
- popularized the idea of instinct
- list of instincts
- ideo-motor action
- instinct was among many other motivational forces
MC Gougall’s contribution ot the study of instinct
- only motivational force
- list of primary instincts
- instincts influence our behavior (Cognitions, Behavior, Emotions)
Decline of instinct
- Lack of criteria
- Contradictions between instincts
- Circular logic used to identify instincts
Drive
a from of arousal of energy that arises whenever a biological need is deprived
Freud
all behvior is motivated to satisfy our biological needs
-> high libido, psychological discomfort
–> release energ by engaging in behavior that satisfies our biological urges
primary reinforces
objects or events that reduce drive (food, water)
Libido
the inernal energy
three drives that motivate behavior (Freud)
- Sex drive (Eros)
- Death drive (Thanatos)
- Self-preservation drive (Ego)
Hull
Drive is activated by biological needs and that organisms are motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce drive
-> the intensity of an organisms behavior is determined by drive multiplied by habit
(Behavior = drive x habit)
instinct vs. drive
- > both automatic
- > instinct: innate and biolagically driven
- > drive: learned response (open for investigation)
Henry Murray
List of all major needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Self-actualization
- Esteem
- belonging
- Safety needs
- Physiological needs
Incentives
external stimuli that motivate an organism to perform a particular behavior
Drive theory perspective
Hunger pushes the child to commit the desired action
incentive theory perspective
the incentive value of the cookies pulls the child to commit the action
Thoendike’s law of effect
of the several responses made in a situation, those responses that are closely followed by an incentive -> will be more associated with that situation
Latent learning
learning that occurs wihtout any obvious incentive and as a result is not immediately expressed
Cognitive perspective (Tolman)
cognitive map/mental representation
-> rats use this map to find a reward in the maze
