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AQA Psychology - Forensic Science > Psychological Explanations: Cognitive Explanations > Flashcards

Psychological Explanations: Cognitive Explanations Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of cognitive explaination?

A
  • Level of moral reasoning

- Cognitive distortion

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2
Q

What is the level of moral reasoning?

A

Process which an individual draws upon their own value system to determine whether an action is right or wrong

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3
Q

Who proposed the stages of moral development?

A

Kolhberg

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4
Q

What are the different levels of moral developments?

A
  • Level 1 = pre conventional morality
  • Level 2 = Conventional morality
  • Level 3 = Post conventional morality
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5
Q

When does the pre conventional morality stage normally occur?

A

Up to 9 years old

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6
Q

When does the conventional morality stage normally occur?

A

9 to adolescence

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7
Q

When does the post conventional morality stage normally occur?

A

Adolescence +

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8
Q

Finish the sentence: The higher the stage the more….

A

sophisticated with reasoning

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9
Q

What personality does people with a higher stage tend to have?

A
  • More sympathy
  • Reasoning depends more on the right of other people
  • More convectional behaviours
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10
Q

What are different types of convectional behaviours?

A

Honesty, generosity and non-violence

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11
Q

What did Kohlberg et al (1973) do?

A

Moral dilemma on criminal offenders and non-criminals

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12
Q

What did Kohlberg et al (1973) find?

A

Offenders have a more preconventional level whilst non-criminals have progressed to conventional and beyond

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13
Q

How is preconvectional characterised by?

A
  • Need to avoid punishment and gain a reward

- Less mature

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14
Q

What did Kolhberg suggest why a criminal may commit a crime based on the stages of moral reasoning?

A

Offenders only commit a crime if punisment is avoided or gain a reward

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15
Q

What did Chandel (1973) find about the offenders personality?

A
  • more self-centred (egocentric)

- less sympathetic

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16
Q

What is cognitive distortion?

A

Fault, biased and irrational way of thinking that mean we perceive ourselves, other people and the world inaccuracy and negatively

17
Q

What are two examples of cognitive distortion?

A
  • hostile attribution bias

- minimalisation

18
Q

What is hostile attribution bias?

A

Judge ambiguous situations/action as aggressive and/or threatening when in reality they may not be

19
Q

What type of cognitive distortion did Schönenberg and Justye (2014) study?

A

Hostile attribution bias

20
Q

What did Schönenberg and Justye (2014) find?

A

Violent offender more likely to perceive ambiguous facial expressions as aggressive. (Misreading of non-aggressive cues)

21
Q

What is minimisation?

A

Downplaying significance of an event or emotion (common strategy when dealing with feelings of guilt)

22
Q

What types of cognitive distortion did Pollock and Hashmall (1991) study?

A

Minimalisation

23
Q

What did Pollock and Hashmall (1991) find?

A
  • 35% of sample of child molesters argued the crime they committed was non-sexual
  • 36% said the victim consented
24
Q

Did Palmer and Hollin (1998) support or limit the levels of moral reasoning?

A

Support

25
Q

What did Palmer and Hollin (1998) do?

A

Used a scale of 11 moral dilemma-related questions on criminals and non-criminals

26
Q

What did Palmer and Hollin (1998) find?

A

Offender less mature moral reasoning than control group

27
Q

Who argues against Palmer and Hollin (1998)?

A

Blackburn (1993)

28
Q

What did Blackburn (1993) argue?

A

Delinquents May show poor moral development due to lack of role playing in childhood

29
Q

Who suggests they may be a better theory of moral reasoning?

A

Gibbs (1979)

30
Q

How did Gibbs improve Kohlberg’s theory?

A
  • Mature guided by conscience

- Immature guided by reward and avoidance by punish reasoning

31
Q

Why did Gibbs say that Kohlberg’s theory be abandoned?

A
  • Culturally biased (towards Western culture)

- Does not represent ‘natural’ maturation stage of cognitive development

32
Q

What is the application of cognitive distortion?

A

Help treat criminal behaviour by therapies such as CBT

33
Q

As studies shown a correlation in reduction of denial and minimisation in therapy?

A

Yes

34
Q

Is there an individual differences in levels of moral reasoning?

A

Yes

35
Q

Why is there being an individual difference in levels of moral reasoning?

A

Not all personals may fit in the correct levels of stages

36
Q

Is the cognitive explanation explanatory or descriptive?

A

Descriptive

37
Q

Is it a limitation that the cognitive explanation being descriptive?

A

Yes

AQA Psychology - Forensic Science (12 decks)

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