Offending Profiling: The Bottom-Up Approach

Question 1

Which country came up with the bottom-up approach?

Answer 1

The UK

Question 2

Who came up with the bottom-up approach?

Answer 2

Canter (1990)

Question 3

What does the bottom-up approach look for?

Answer 3

Consistencies in offenders’ behaviour during crime

Question 4

What is the bottom-up approach driven by?

Answer 4

Data

Question 5

What is the aim of the bottom-up approach?

Answer 5

To generate a picture of the offenders characteristics, routines and backgrounds through analysis of the evidence

Question 6

What are two important features of the bottom-up approach?

Answer 6

• Investigate psychology

- Geographical profiling

Question 7

What is statistical analysis of crime-scene evidence?

Answer 7

-Statistical procedures detect pattern of behaviours which can be used to produce a statistical database which can act as comparison tool

Question 8

What is interpersonal coherence?

Answer 8

The way an offender behaves at the scene may reflect everyday situational behaviours

Question 9

What is investigative psychology?

Answer 9

Statistical analysis of crime scene using computer programmes (Smallest space analysis)

Question 10

What is geographical profiling?

Answer 10

The spatial consistency of an offender

Question 11

What are the two different types of spatial consistencies of offenders behaviours?

Answer 11

• Marauder

- Commuter

Question 12

What is meant by marauder?

Answer 12

Operates close to their home

Question 13

What is meant by commuter?

Answer 13

Likely to travel a distance away from their usual residence

Question 14

What is crime mapping?

Answer 14

Locations of crime scenes are used to infer the likely home or operation base of an offender

Question 15

What is the smallest space analysis?

Answer 15

Use of computer data bases and Venn diagrams to look for similarities and differences

Question 16

Who came up with the different types of offenders geographical behaviours (marauder or commuter)?

Answer 16

Canter and Larkin (1993)

Question 17

What is likely to form from an offenders pattern of location?

Answer 17

A circle around offenders usual residence

Question 18

What can useful about the offenders spatial decision-making?

Answer 18

The nature of the offence

Question 19

Who supports the investigated psychology?

Answer 19

Canter and Heritage (1990)

Question 20

What did Canter and Heritage (1990) do?

Answer 20

Content analysis of 66 sexual assault cases using smallest space analysis

Question 21

What did Canter and Heritage (1990) find?

Answer 21

Commonly identified characteristics in most cases

Question 22

What can Canter and Heritage’s research contribute to?

Answer 22

Understanding of the change of offenders behaviour over a series of offences

Question 23

Which researchers supported the geographical profiling?

Answer 23

Lundrigan and Canter (2001)

Question 24

What did Lundrigan and Canter (2001) do?

Answer 24

• Information from 120 murder cases (involving serial killers from US)
• Smallest space analysis

Question 25

What dud Lundrigan and Canter (2001) find?

Answer 25

Spatial consitency

-More noticeable for marauders

Question 26

Does the bottom-up approach have a scientific basis?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

Why is the bottom-up approach more scientific than the top-down approach?

Answer 27

• More objective

- Less speculations

Question 28

Why does the bottom-up approach have a wider application?

Answer 28

The approach can be applied to a wider range of offences

Question 29

Has there been any mixed results of profiling using the bottom-up approach?

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

How found mixed results?

Answer 30

Copson (1995)

Question 31

What did Copson (1995) find?

Answer 31

• Top-down approach useful

- But only found a 3% accuracy of identification of offender